TBI Rehabilitation and Assisted Living

It is estimated that approximately two million individuals in the United Sates suffer from some form of a traumatic brain injury every year. Of those who survive a TBI about 90,000 of them will have some long-term effect of the injury, whether it be physical, mental or cognitive. Often times the impaired and their family need aid in order to regain a level or normalcy for the injured individual and they often times turn to rehabilitation and assisted living center for help.

Therapy often depends on the injuries of the patient, but there are a number of common problems that are often dealt with in rehabilitation and assisted living centers. While hospitals initially treat TBI patients, often times the injuries may require medical specialists who can be found at facilities like CareMeridian.

 

Often times early treatment centers focus around increasing alertness and orientation. Unfortunately some sufferers of TBI fall into a coma and special measures and rehabilitative treatments must be undergone in order to sustain life and make an effort towards regaining consciousness. These patients are continually monitored with equipment that keeps track of their breathing, blood pressure, heart rhythm, etc. Constant care and attention must be given to those patients who suffer a coma.

 

Rehabilitative care and assisted living primarily revolve around a particular patients needs and are catered to the short term and long-term goals set for that patient. All in all the purpose of TBI rehabilitation is to enable the patient and family to function and return to some level of normalcy in their home and society. 

Treatments Show Promise for Traumatic Brain Injury

A 5-year study of patients with severe traumatic brain injury conducted at Hennepin County Medical Center in Minneapolis shows significant benefit of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to improve brain metabolism and its ability to recover from injury. The results were recently published in the Journal of Neurosurgery.

Researchers at Emory University in Atlanta, GA, recommend that progesterone (PROG), a naturally occurring hormone found in both males and females that can protect damaged cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems, be considered a viable treatment option for traumatic brain injuries, according to a clinical perspective published in the January issue of the American Journal of Roentgenology (see also American College of Radiology / American Roentgen Ray Society).

Snowboarder Suffers Traumatic Brain injury

The LA Times is reporting on the progress of Kevin Pearce who was injured while training for the Olympics.

Snowboarder Kevin Pearce remains in critical condition at the University of Utah hospital after a head injury sustained while training in the halfpipe at Park City, Utah, for this week's Olympics qualifier at Mammoth Mountain Ski Area.

Pearce was completing a cab double cork -- a twisting double back flip maneuver he's landed before -- when he caught his toe-side edge while landing.

Though Pearce, 22, was wearing a helmet, he hit his head above one of his eyes and was knocked unconscious.

Sources say Kevin sustained a severe traumatic brain injury. He is currently in intensive care and in critical condition, but stable and has not needed to undergo surgery at this time. He is intubated and being kept sedated. Holly Ledyard, a neurointensivist who is one of Pearce's doctors, said in a statement issued Saturday and posted on the Facebook page family members created, that Kevin's injury is serious.

"The focus over the next week will be watching for any swelling in his brain and keeping his brain pressure normal. Kevin has a long recovery ahead of him,” said Ledyard.

The subject of Traumatic Brain Injury is back in the news after the accident suffered by top snowboarder Kevin Pearce. Some timely new research has revealed some of the personality changes that can occur after a TBI, including profound problems in the ability to process emotions.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can, like any injury, range in severity from a simple bump on the head to something much more serious. TBI is fortunately advancing, especially in the military. Nearly six out of 10 casualties entering the military hospital at the Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington DC have been diagnosed with some degree of traumatic brain injury, an indication of the nature of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.  Many victims of traumatic brain injury experience personality changes, some subtle, some severe. 

 

Brain Injury Forces Bobsled Driver Todd Hays to Retire

The N.Y. Times reported a bobsleding accident has stopped Todd Hays from participating in the sport at the Winter Olympics.

Many sports, while entertaining, can have devasting impacts on participants.  Nevada, for example, recently ran stories on how its tax base is forced to pay for fighters who have injuries that cost more than $50,000.  That amount is what is required of promoters to post as health related insurance for fighters.  Fighting is a big Las Vegas draw. 

The Las Vegas Review Journal reported recently that fighter Zeta Gorres is admitted at University Medical Center, Clark County's only public hospital. He has piled up about $500,000 in bills since he suffered a traumatic brain injury, and he won't be able to cover all the costs. Taxpayers are on the hook for most of the tab.

The 27-year-old is a bantamweight professional boxer who suffered injuries in a Nov. 13 fight against Luis Melendez on the Strip.

After nearly two months of constant nursing care and physical therapy, and after requiring some of the most advanced medical procedures available, Mr. Gorres is making progress.

The taxpayers of Southern Nevada are, unfortunately, accustomed to covering tens of millions of dollars worth of uncompensated care at UMC every year for all types of indigent patients, including illegal immigrants. But why now, when UMC is facing an $82 million deficit, is the public being asked to provide welfare to a professional fighter whose injuries were sustained during a state-sanctioned bout?

The reason is a horribly outdated state law that requires promoters to provide only $50,000 worth of health insurance for each fighter in the ring. That amount might cover a single trauma surgery. Fighters are not required to carry their own health insurance or supplementary coverage, and as a result, they usually don't. Mr. Gorres didn't.

 The Nevada Athletic Commission can't expect the public, especially in this economy, to cover the costs of caring for injured fighters. The state must raise the minimum insurance requirement for professional bouts to $1 million per fighter or require promoters to pay into a pool that covers boxers' medical bills for catastrophic injuries suffered in the ring.

Hays, who won a silver medal in the 2002 Salt Lake Games, was having a strong season that included a second-place finish in a World Cup race in Park City Utah, and hoped he would race in his fourth Olympics. But the devastating accident happened during training for the four-man bobsled Dec. 9 in Winterberg, Germany. His resulting head injury has prompted him to retire.

Hays, 40, was initially diagnosed with a concussion, but a magnetic resonance imaging test revealed he had intraparenchymal hematoma, a serious and  life-threatening injury where the brain bleeds.

Intracranial hemorrhage  is a common cause of acute neurologic emergency. Pathologic accumulation of blood in the cranial vault may occur in the brain parenchyma or the surrounding meningeal spaces. Such accumulations can be epidural hematomas , subdural hematomas , subarachnoid hemorrhages , or intraventricular hemorrhages .

The etiology of  Intracranial hemorrhage is multifactorial and varies with a person's age and predisposing factors.

I often represent clients who have sufferred from Intercranial hemorrhage and had it surgically removed.  Many times they are able to leave the hospital and resume some semblance of normalcy.  But I too frequently encounter lawyers, inurance adjusters, and jurors that have a predisposition to assume that if a person "looks ok" then they must "be ok."

Read more here.

Sarah Jane Project

The Sarah Jane Project concerns pediatric traumatic brain injury from shaken baby syndrome

Shaken baby syndrome is a type of inflicted traumatic brain injury that happens when a baby is violently shaken.  A baby has weak neck muscles and a large, heavy head.  Shaking makes the fragile brain bounce back and forth inside the skull and causes bruising, swelling, and bleeding, which can lead to permanent, severe brain damage or death.  The characteristic injuries of shaken baby syndrome are subdural hemorrhages (bleeding in the brain), retinal hemorrhages (bleeding in the retina), damage to the spinal cord and neck, and fractures of the ribs and bones.  These injuries may not be immediately noticeable.  Symptoms of shaken baby syndrome include extreme irritability, lethargy, poor feeding, breathing problems, convulsions, vomiting, and pale or bluish skin.  Shaken baby injuries usually occur in children younger than 2 years old, but may be seen in children up to the age of 5.

I was asked to pass this on on behalf of Jessica York and her work with The Brain Project.

This Saturday is Patrick's 39th birthday and we want to do something very special for Sarah Jane's dad. As you know, Patrick named the Sarah Jane Brain Foundation after his adorable 4-year-old daughter who was shaken by her baby nurse when she was only 5 days old, causing a severe brain injury. Since he started it two years ago, the foundation has quickly galvanized the pediatric brain injury community into action across the country and around the world. What you may not know is Patrick is a single dad with sole custody of his little girl. What’s more, he gave up his salary from his consulting firm more than a year ago to devote all his energy, time and personal resources to advancing the foundation's efforts. We are organizing a surprise for him in the same vein as his favorite movie, "It's a Wonderful Life!" where Jimmy Stewart's character receives support from all over recognizing his efforts. We would like you to be part of this wonderful surprise and make a generous donation as a birthday present to this amazing father.

Sarah Jane is a beautiful little girl, but because of her brain injury she still can't do most of the things other children her age are doing. She can't say "I love you, Daddy." She can't finger paint a picture or even scribble on a Birthday card for him. She can't give him a hug or a kiss. But you can help us give Patrick a gift that will help make sure one day Sarah Jane will be able to do all those things. Patrick has moved mountains, reinvented the wheel, and gone the distance for his daughter and he believes with every fiber of his being that Sarah Jane will one day be able to say "I love you, Daddy."

His exhaustive efforts have launched The National Pediatric Acquired Brain Injury (PABI) Plan and the largest-ever medical and educational collaboration on behalf of brain-injured children, but these are only the first steps on a long road that needs continued work and support (below is a summary of this year's accomplishments). In honor of his amazing example of fatherly devotion every single day, we are hoping that together we can honor Patrick by donating to the foundation that means so much to him. From now until Saturday, you can donate directly to the special Happy Birthday PayPal account and include a special note to Patrick. Sarah Jane can't tell Patrick what a good father he is - but you can!

We want to surprise Patrick with this, so on Saturday we're going to print all the notes and put them in a big birthday card for him, along with one big check made out to the Sarah Jane Brain Foundation that's the total of everyone's birthday donations. As Patrick likes to say, "Every dollar makes a difference; every $1,000 makes a thousand differences!" So please be generous. If you would prefer to make your tax-deductible donation with an actual check, please overnight it to: The Sarah Jane Brain Foundation, 339 Fifth Avenue - Suite 405, New York NY 10016, and mark the envelope to my attention (Jessica York).

Here is the special birthday PayPal link (Patrick won't see it until Saturday): https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=10563509.

2009 Accomplishments of the Sarah Jane Brain Foundation (yes, we got all of this done in one year):

· Developed an Advisory Board with over 200 doctors, lawyers and researchers from just about every major medical institution (from MD Anderson and Johns Hopkins to Mayo Clinic and Mount Sinai) and research university (from Harvard and Yale to UCLA and NYU)

· In January, this Advisory Board developed the first-ever National Pediatric Acquired Brain Injury Plan (PABI Plan) which creates a seamless, standardized, evidence-based system of care, universally accessible for all PABI families regardless of where they live in the country

· This spring we completed a 12-city American PABI Heroes Tour in which we traveled across the country (11,000 miles in two weeks) raising awareness about PABI, raising money for local PABI families and bringing together talented and philanthropic musicians to support these PABI families (Boston, New York, D.C., Raleigh, Atlanta, Miami, Birmingham, Columbus, Chicago, Dallas, Denver and Los Angeles)

· On June 5 (Sarah Jane’s 4th birthday) we announced the largest healthcare collaboration in U.S. history dealing with PABI (one institution in every state plus D.C. and Puerto Rico was selected to be our State Lead Center, i.e., Children’s Hospital Boston/Harvard Medical School in MA, Kennedy Krieger/Johns Hopkins in MD, Yale-New Haven Children’s Hospital in CT, Mayo Clinic in MN, University of Virginia in VA, etc.)

· On August 18 we announced the largest grant proposal in U.S. history dealing with PABI (a $930 million multi- department proposal to begin funding the PABI Plan)

· On October 13 the PABI Act of 2009 was introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives which has Congress endorsing the PABI Plan and encouraging federal, state and local governments to begin implementing it (H. Con. Res. 198 currently has close to 90 co-sponsors and is almost ready for passage)

· On November 17-18 we held the first-ever National PABI Legal Conference to develop a National Legal Advocacy Organization to serve as a legal advocate for the millions of PABI families across the country

· This past month The Sarah Jane Brain Foundation "went Global" by adding experts from around the world to its renamed International Advisory Board and launched The International Mind, Brain, Health and Education Initiative with Harvard University

For more details about these accomplishments, please visit our website www.TheBrainProject.org. As we come to the end of 2009, please consider a generous tax-deductible donation. Every 23 seconds in the United States, another person sustains a brain injury - it is the #1 cause of death and disability for children and young adults in the United States! (As a reference point, the total number of cumulative cases of autism is 560,000 - compared to the 3 million NEW cases of brain injury that occur each year!) Have a wonderful and safe holiday season and a Happy and Healthy 2010!

BIAA

The Brain Injury Association of America has long been a leading advocate for victims of brain injury.  I have been fortunate over the past few years to serve on the executive planning committee for the annual Brain Injury Conference in Las Vegas.  The BIAA's mission is to educate.  In that context, the BIAA offers plaintiff and defense lawyers education into the realities and truths of brain injury from both sides of the aisle, so to speak.

The conference is but one tool used by the BIAA in Creating a better future through brain injury prevention, research, education and advocacy.

Founded in 1980, the Brain Injury Association of America (BIAA) is the leading national organization serving and representing individuals, families and professionals who are touched by a life-altering, often devastating, traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Together with its network of more than 40 chartered state affiliates, as well as hundreds of local chapters and support groups across the country, the BIAA provides information, education and support to assist the 3.17 million Americans currently living with traumatic brain injury and their families.
 

 www.BIAA.org 

AAN Issues Statement on New NFL Concussion Policy

Robert C. Griggs, MD, FAAN, President of the American Academy of Neurology and The American Academy of Neurology, the world's largest professional association of neurologists, is encouraged by news reports that the National Football League will soon implement a new policy requiring an independent neurologist to evaluate players who have suffered a concussion. The Academy would welcome an opportunity to work with the NFL to implement this new policy change as it is imperative that an unbiased neurologist be involved in determining when it is safe for a player to return to play. The Academy has a network of sports neurologists available nationwide who are members of the Academy's Sports Neurology Section. For more information about the American Academy of Neurology, visit http://www.aan.com.
 

Beating Brain Injury

Every once in a while I come across an uplifting story about a victim of severe traumatic brain injury making significant recovery.  I came across this story while perusing the Chicago Tribune, by Lisa Pevtzow

Special to the Tribune

November 20, 2009
 

Chicago Police Sgt. Mike Dineen should have died.

That's what his doctors said after Dineen suffered a massive brain injury in a still-unexplained, off-duty incident on New Year's Day
 

On Jan. 1 Dineen was found in a parking lot on the southwest side of Chicago, barely alive with the back of his skull partially caved in. Dineen has no memory of what happened and has no idea of why he was there, although it's believed he may have slipped on a patch of ice or fallen down a flight of stairs, he said. He had his wallet, so he does not believe he was the victim of a crime.

Dineen was taken to Advocate Christ Medical Center, where his face was so unrecognizable that his parents initially thought they were in the wrong room, said his father, Chuck Dineen, a retired Chicago firefighter. Doctors told them that he would probably die, and if he didn't, he likely would be brain-damaged.
 

Dineen suffered the most severe category of traumatic brain injury, as well as contusions on his lungs, said Stacy McCarty, one of his doctors at the Rehabilitation Institute.

Surgeons at Christ operated on his brain to temporarily remove part of his skull to relieve the pressure and drain the large amount of blood. He spent the next three weeks in a coma, on a ventilator and a feeding tube. When he awoke he was transferred to the Rehabilitation Institute, where he spent a month before transferring to outpatient rehabilitation at its center in Willowbrook.

Dineen, who has been cleared to rejoin the force in a week, was clearly a man happy to be alive.

"When I went to the neurologist two weeks after I woke up from the coma, the doctor said to me, 'It's nice to see you walking and talking, because you were supposed to be dead,' " Dineen said. "I had to go through death to realize how valuable life is."
 

 

Read more here.

Misdiagnosed Coma for 23 years

I remember reading The Butterfly and the Diving Bell some years ago and then seeing the movie last year.  Similarly, an episode of House involved a patient with locked in syndrome.

Here is a real life story of a man, injured in a car accident, who was misdiagnosed in a persistent vegetative state for 23 years.  Doctors relied in part on a frequently over rated diagnostic technique called the Glasgow Coma Scale to conclude that the man was no longer viable.  Newer scanning tests revealed the man's mind was completely normal except for his inability to express himself.

A leading European neurologist has said many cases of brain injury around the world are wrongly diagnosed as 'coma' after discovering that a car-crash victim thought to have been in coma for the past 23 years was conscious all the time.

Steven Laureys, head of the Coma Science Group and Department of Neurology at Liege University Hospital, spoke after writing about the astounding case of Rom Houben, a Belgian who was thought to have slipped into a persistent vegetative state 23 years ago.

The paralysed Houben had no way of letting doctors know that he could hear every word they were saying.

'I dreamed myself away,' Houben, now 46 and able to tap out messages on a computer screen, told the Daily Telegraph. 'I screamed, but there was nothing to hear.'

Doctors in Zolder, Belgium, routinely used the internationally-accepted Glasgow Coma Scale to assess his eye, verbal and motor responses to conclude that his consciousness was 'extinct'.

But he was graded incorrectly each time - until three years ago a re-examination at the University of Liege using new hi-tech scans showed his brain was still functioning almost completely normally, the paper reported.

Houben, although physically paralysed, was fully aware of what was happening around him.

'Medical advances caught up with him,' said Laureys, whose recently account in a medical paper has brought the case to light.

Laureys plans to use the case to highlight what he considers may be similar examples around the world.

'In Germany alone each year some 100,000 people suffer from severe traumatic brain injury. About 20,000 are followed by a coma of three weeks or longer. Some of them die, others regain health.

'But an estimated 3,000 to 5,000 people a year remain trapped in an intermediate stage - they go on living without ever coming back again.'

Although Houben is never likely to leave hospital, he now has a special device above his bed which lets him read books while lying down.

Houben told the Daily Telegraph: 'I shall never forget the day when they discovered what was truly wrong with me - it was my second birth.

'I want to read, talk with my friends via the computer and enjoy my life now that people know I am not dead.

'All that time I just literally dreamed of a better life. Frustration is too small a word to describe what I felt.'

IANS 2009-11-23 18:30:00

Update from co-bloggers

Here are a number of brain injury blogs from other bloggers
Dallas Morning News

 

 

 

Mesquite ISD a pioneer on dealing with student concussions
Dallas Morning News
There has been a growing concern about mild traumatic brain injury, as concussions are formally called, as more and more professional football players show ...
See all stories on this topic

Program helps airmen deal with combat stress
AirForceTimes.com
So when Bryan — then an Air Force captain and now a civilian researcher — deployed to Balad Air Base, Iraq, as the head of the traumatic brain injury clinic ...
See all stories on this topic
Nanomedicine Promising For Treating Spinal Cord Injuries, Findings Show
Science Daily (press release)
The work has been funded by a Showalter Trust grant from Purdue and a grant from the Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Fund, and is partially ...
See all stories on this topic
Fort Hood tragedy rocks military as it grapples with mental health issues
Los Angeles Times
Besides PTSD, a high rate of traumatic brain injury has contributed to cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. The wars have been long and, without a national ...

Michelle Whitmore said these kind words...

Tim: I enjoy your updates. This "lawsuit by committee" idea is ridiculous. People just don't get it until they've been hurt. Very frustrating to see the insurance companies and corporate America pull the wool over everyone's eyes.

I've attached an article regarding the topic and will be looking for more current information as well.

Hope you and your family are doing well. Don't forget to call me if I can help out with any funding issues on your cases. I enjoy working with you:

Take care:

Michele Whitmore

Settlement Strategies, Inc.
19412A E. Mann Creek Drive
Parker CO 80134

phone: (303) 841-0420
fax: (888) 596-8273
 

Encephalitis - What is it?

I found this interesting article dealing with encephalitis:  Take a look:

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain resulting from a viral infection. Encephalitis usually begins with flu-like symptoms, such as fever and headache. The symptoms rapidly worsen, and may cause seizures, changes in mental state, such as confusion, drowsiness and loss of consciousness, or a coma.

The severe and potentially life-threatening form of this disease is rare.

According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, encephalitis means "inflammation of the brain."

Encephalitis occurs in two forms:

  • Primary form. Primary encephalitis involves direct viral infection of the brain and spinal cord.
     
  • Secondary form. In secondary encephalitis, a viral infection first occurs elsewhere in the body and then travels to the brain.

Seeking immediate medical assistance and receiving timely treatment is important because the course of the encephalitis is unpredictable. A person with encephalitis can suffer life-threatening damage to their brain. The damage caused to the brain can result in long-term complications, such as memory loss, epilepsy, and personality and behavioral changes.

Encephalitis can occur in people of any age, although children under seven and adults over 55 are more vulnerable to infection.
 

Read More Here.

More Diagnostics - Better Outcome - Less Cost

Hospitals that make greater use of inpatient diagnostic imaging exams achieve lower in-hospital mortality rates with little or no impact on costs, according to a peer-reviewed study of more than 1 million patient outcomes in more than 100 hospitals nationwide published in the November issue of the Journal of the American College of Radiology (JACR).

"The results of our in-depth study would indicate that greater use of imaging does, in fact, lead to better patient outcomes in terms of lower in-hospital death rates with no significant impact on overall cost," said David W. Lee, Ph.D., lead author of the article and Senior Director, Health Economics and Outcome Research at GE Healthcare. "This study dealt only with imaging provided in hospitals, but would seem to confirm what many have long suspected - that medical imaging exams save lives."

Read the full article here.

Brain Imaging FAQs

The Brain Injury Association of America publishes this information regarding frequently asked questions about Brain Imaging.  I pass this along for my readers.

 Brain Imaging: Understanding the Basics

 Frequently Asked Questions

 1 – What is brain imaging?

 Brain imaging allows scientists and doctors to view and monitor the areas of the brain. Brain images can be produced using structural imaging techniques, commonly MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and CAT (Computed Axial Tomography), or functional imaging strategies like PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and functional MRI (fMRI). Structural imaging is designed to identify abnormalities such as strokes, bleeding, and tumors, while functional imaging procedures evaluate how the brain is working. Functional imaging techniques can be used to study the brain at rest, or during an activity such as when a person is hearing, seeing, feeling, moving, talking and thinking. These measurements are based on the flow of blood in the brain, and changing levels of oxygen in specific brain regions depending on that flow.

 2 – How is brain imaging used for understanding brain injury?

 In addition to studying the anatomy or structure of injury, studies during the past few years have shown that fMRI and PET scans may be able to capture an image of activity in the brain of an injured patient that is not possible to know or see otherwise. This is particularly important as some brain injuries result in loss of speech and movement.

During a scan, the patient may be asked to listen to familiar voices, or to imagine themselves in different scenes like being at home or playing tennis.

 Learning about the parts of the brain that are activated in such cases may help scientists and doctors have a better understanding of disorders of consciousness that can occur after brain injury, such as the vegetative and minimally conscious states. Repeated brain scans over time may help scientists and doctors better understand the process of recovery and the effectiveness of different rehabilitation techniques.

 3 – Can brain imaging be used to determine whether someone is conscious?

 At present, there are no diagnostic tests capable of detecting whether someone is conscious. Conversely, there are no imaging tests that can determine if someone is unconscious. Specialized rating scales and brain imaging techniques have been developed to investigate the likelihood that someone is consciously processing information, but neither of these approaches provides definitive evidence of consciousness or unconsciousness. Despite their limitations, doctors currently rely on bedside examination findings to diagnose disorders of consciousness.

 4 – What have we learned so far?

 In the few studies conducted to date, scientists have found that patterns of brain activation in patients in minimally conscious states can look similar to those of non-injured people when responding to language and other types of stimulation. In the future, the results of these studies may help improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy.

 5 – Should I enroll my family member in a brain imaging study?

You should find out what is involved with a brain imaging study before acting as the decision-maker to enroll someone, such as your family member, by talking to your doctor and the scientist requesting your consent. Most studies pose minimal risk to the patient and the participation of your loved one can add important knowledge to the understanding of disorders of consciousness. It is critical to stress that, at the present time, these studies are entirely experimental. Therefore, you cannot expect to learn new information about the person’s condition, or to use the information in decision-making about next steps for his or her care.

 6 – What should I expect of future research?

 As new knowledge is gained every day about how the brain works, you can expect ever-improving diagnosis of and treatment for brain injury. The choice to participate in research is yours or another designate on behalf of another individual. Make the choice based by thinking about whether the person would have volunteered. Carefully assess the desire to contribute to science, the acceptability of participation to your family and others important to the person in question, and have a clear appreciation that whatever is learned from the study will have limited, if any benefit for you or your family member.

Written by:

Dr. Judy Illes and Patricia Lau, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia

Dr. Joseph T. Giacino, JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute, New Jersey

Acknowledgements:

The Greenwall Foundation, Dr. Joseph J. Fins (Weill Cornell Medical College), Dr. Emily Murphy (Stanford University), and members of the Ethics, Neuroimaging, and Limited States of Consciousness Workshop, Stanford University June 2007.

 

©2008 The University of British Columbia

MRI Tesla 3 Study

I am a firm believer in the use of Tesla 3 MRI machines for the detection of microscopic lesions on the brain.  While Tesla 3 MRI has been around for use in detecting such lesions from brain injury, the technology is frequently overlooked. 

In my practice I see neurologists hired by worker's compensation and insurance companies citing the "normal" results of MRI in mild and moderate brain injury cases in their effort to show the patient is faking injury.  While this is statistically consistent - that normal MRI is found in mild and moderate cases - the use of Tesla 3 MRI digs deeper, so to speak, to reveal the microscopic changes in the brain.  This helps not only the lawyer trying to prove a case, but the medical provider in diagnosing and treating a patient.

I found this recent article supporting Tesla 3 MRI. "Reports outline magnetic resonance imaging study results from University of Bonn." Science Letter. NewsRX. 2009. HighBeam Research. 21 Oct. 2009 <http://www.highbeam.com>.

In this recent report published in the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, researchers in Bonn, Germany conducted a study "To evaluate the feasibility of automatic planning and scanning of brain MR imaging (MRI) protocols on a clinical 3 Tesla system in tumor patients before and after neurosurgical intervention. Twenty-nine patients with intra-axial lesions were examined with automated planscan software pre- and postoperatively."

The researchers concluded: "These results are promising to minimize interscan variability in longitudinal studies."

Military Mental Health A Focus Of Mental Illness Awareness Week

In recognition of Mental Illness Awareness Week, October 4 - 10, the American Psychiatric Association is holding its annual symposium on Capitol Hill this Wednesday, September 30, with the National Alliance on Mental Illness to raise public awareness of and reduce the stigma of mental illnesses.

This year the symposium will focus on military mental health and is titled "Supporting Our Troops: New Research on Suicide and Substance Use Disorder."

Read more here.

Scientists Find New Research On The Brain And Fear That Could Help Victims Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

University of Missouri research indicates there may be new hope in dealing with Post traumatic stress disorder commonly referred to as PTSD.

The brain is a complex system made of billions of neurons and thousands of connections that relate to every human feeling, including one of the strongest emotions, fear. Most neurological fear studies have been rooted in fear-conditioning experiments. Now, University of Missouri researchers have started using computational models of the brain, making it easier to study the brain's connections. Guoshi Li, an electrical and computer engineering doctoral student, has discovered new evidence on how the brain reacts to fear, including important findings that could help victims of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
 

Read more here.

ADHD Means Brain's Lack of Reward Protein

A brain-imaging study conducted at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory provides the first definitive evidence that patients suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have lower-than-normal levels of certain proteins essential for experiencing reward and motivation.

 The study, published in the September 9, 2009, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, also has important implications for treatment. "Finding ways to address the underlying reward-system deficit could improve the direct clinical outcome of ADHD, and potentially reduce the likelihood of other negative consequences of this condition," said study co-author Gene-Jack Wang, chair of Brookhaven's medical department.

49 Million Severe Brain Injury Verdict

A California jury has awarded a former college student more than $49 million in damages, after finding two truckers and the state liable for a 2007 accident that left him severely brain damaged.

In May 2007, Drew Bianchi was a passenger in a car with three companions headed for a camping trip. Two trucks collided on a perilous two-lane mountain pass about 25 miles south of San Jose, Calif. One of the trucks struck the car Bianchi was riding in, crushing the section of the car where he was seated.

Bianchi, now 23, requires around-the-clock care and lives in a residential facility near his family in Bakersfield, Calif.

Read More here www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-20818095.html 

Driving After TBI

One of the problems associated with TBI is the person's ability to drive and lack of insight as to that ability.  I came across this interesting article on the topic of evaluating driving following a TBI.  Keep in mind that statistics tell us that 10% of TBI's are severe or moderate.  80% are mild.  The following is a summary of the study.

 OBJECTIVE. We conducted a literature review of assessment tools predicting driving performance for people with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

METHOD. Data sources were Web of Science, EBSCOhost, PubMed, and recently published literature from experts and team members not yet catalogued in the databases. We used the American Academy of Neurology's classification criteria to extract data from 13 studies, and we assigned a class (I-IV, with I being the highest level of evidence) to each study. We grouped primary studies into categories of driving assessment (neuropsychological; simulator; off-road; self-report, other report, and postinjury disability status; and comprehensive driving evaluation) and synthesized the predictability of these tools as it relates to driving performance for people with TBI.

CONCLUSIONS. To assist clinicians and researchers in making decisions regarding testing the driving performance of people with TBI, we provide recommendations for neuropsychological tests; off-road tests; self-report, other report, and postinjury disability status; and comprehensive driving evaluation.
.
Read the entire article with references here:  C; Charles Levy; Dennis McCarthy; William C Mann; Desiree Lanford; J Kay Waid-Ebbs. "Traumatic Brain Injury and Driving Assessment: An Evidence-Based Literature Review." The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. The American Occupational Therapy Assn, Inc. 2009. HighBeam Research. 29 Sep. 2009 <http://www.highbeam.com>.

Soldiers' brain injuries from blasts in Afghanistan take a toll

The brain injury toll on troops continues to manifest and escalate.  This is not new news.  Remember that better protective gear in recent wars means soldiers are staying alive after what would otherwise have been fatal injuries in previous wars.  This, in turn, leads to survival with brain injury.

The Daily News from New York wrote this about the tragedy.

 Afghanistan - It's the signature injury of the war, and the medics at this base just south of Kabul have seen their fair share of it.

It's estimated that 20% of soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan have been diagnosed with traumatic brain injury, or TBI, caused by the impact of improvised explosive devices.

The medics of the upstate Fort Drum-based 10th Mountain Division, 3rd Brigade Combat Team have seen an increase in TBI cases in the past eight months here.

Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2009/09/20/2009-09-20_brain_injury_from_blasts_take_a_toll.html#ixzz0RqnJwdNu
 

New Hope for those in Vegetative States

 Study Finds Paralysis is Far More Common than Previously Documented

There is New Hope for Brain Injury-Related Vegetative Patients!

vegitative
I previously posted news of some incredible findings of comatose people being awakened in what could be called miraculous recoveries after being given doses of Ambien.  Zolpidem is the generic form of Ambien and is showing more incredible results.

The Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, one of the world’s largest and most prestigious of its kind, announced that it has begun a 3-year-long extensive study on the effects and the potential of the common sleep drug zolpidem (formerly marketed as Ambien) in restoring vegetative patients back to consciousness.

An initial pilot study of 15 patients produced inspiring results in 1 of the 15 vegetative patients. One of the men in the study received a single dose of zolpidem, which allowed him to respond to commands to move his body, follow movement with his eyes, and even to wave goodbye. He did not respond to a placebo. The other 14 patients showed no reaction to either zolpidem or the placebo.

The new study will explore those early promising results, which reveal that, at least sometimes, zolpidem has the power to restore consciousness in brain injury patients who have lived in a vegetative state for many years. Most patients who live in a vegetative state lost their consciousness seemingly permanently due to traumatic brain injuries. No proven treatment has yet been discovered for returning patients from a vegetative to a conscious and aware state.

Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute’s newest study is federally funded and will span 3 years and involve around 100 traumatic brain injury patients from all over the United States whose brain injuries left them in vegetative states. The study is set to explore the specific ways the brain interacts with zolpidem, as well as figuring out why it works with some patients and not with others. The researchers have speculated that zolpidem may turn off brain cells that interfere with the proper functioning of certain parts of the brain.
The zolpidem study is the largest and most rigorously designed study of its kind.

Researchers are excited to explore the brain to discover whether or not it retains an innate ability to come out of a vegetative state back to full consciousness. The study holds amazing promise for caregivers and family members of unconscious patients. Until this study, it has been widely assumed that vegetative are trapped in unconsciousness indefinitely.

The Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute is still seeking study participants. To receive further information or to submit a patient into the study, contact Moss Rehabilitation at: 215-663-6872.

(pic from flickr.com/photos/gettysgirl)

Gel Helps Brain Recovery

I found this fascinating quote today:

An injectable hydrogel could aid recovery from brain injury by helping stimulate tissue growth at the site of the wound, researchers say. Research on rats suggests the gel, made from synthetic and natural sources, may spur growth of stem cells in the brain (…)stem-cells-news.com, “Latest Stem Cells News”, Sep 2009

You should read the whole article.

Brain Injury Basics

This great information is made available by the

Brain Injury

Approximately 1.5 million Americans per year sustain a brain injury. Of those, 50,000 people will die as a result of brain injury, while 80,000 people per year will experience long-term disabilities as a result of their injury. There are two types of brain injury: traumatic brain injury, and acquired brain injury.

Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a result of a direct blow to the head. The force is large enough to break through the skull and damage the soft brain, or to cause the brain to move within the skull.

About 50 to 70 percent of all traumatic brain injuries are the result of car accidents. Other causes include:

  • Slips and falls
  • Violence
  • Sports-related accidents

Causes of Acquired Brain Injury

An acquired brain injury is one that has occurred after birth, and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. Common causes of acquired Brain Injury include:

  • airway obstruction
  • near drowning
  • choking
  • injuries in which the chest has been crushed
  • electrical shock
  • lightening strike
  • trauma to the head or neck
  • blood loss
  • artery impingement
  • shock
  • heart attack
  • stroke
  • arteriovenous malformation
  • aneurysm

Brain Injury Classifications

Brain injuries are classified as closed or open. A closed head injury is a trauma in which the brain is injured as a result of a blow to the head, or a sudden, violent motion that causes the brain to knock against the skull. Closed head injuries can be diffuse, meaning that they affect cells and tissues throughout the brain; or focal, meaning that the damage occurs in one area. Closed head injuries can range from mild to severe.

An open head injury, sometimes also called a penetrating head injury, results when an object penetrates the skull and enters the brain. Open head injuries are usually focal, which means that they affect a specific area of brain tissue.

Prognosis of Brain Injury

The prognosis of a brain injury is determined by a variety of factors, including the severity of the damage, the length and the severity of the coma, and the location and the size of any traumas. The more severe the injury, the longer the recovery period. The longer the recover period, the more long-term effects are likely.

More Questions about Brain Injury? Fill out the form on the HopePage of this Blog.  Click the in the upper left cornor, and contact me, Tim Titolo.  Or email me at tim@titololawoffice.com or call 702-869-5100.

New Hope for Severe Head Trauma Treatment

BHR Pharma has recently announced plans for a study to begin in early 2010. The study will be a multi-clinic trial to test the power and effectiveness of BHR-100, an intravenous progesterone infusion product, as an outcome-enhancing treatment option for patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Currently, there are no FDA approved medications for use in improving the outcome for those suffering with traumatic brain injuries. The BHR Pharma study, if successful, will lead to the production and dissemination of the BHR-100 progesterone product as a neuroprotective substance for treating traumatic brain injury.

The study will span over 100 clinics in the U.S., Europe, Israel, and elsewhere about the globe, and will treat over 1200 traumatic brain injury patients. BHR-100 will be administered for 5 days to randomly selected patients with “severe closed head trauma” type traumatic brain injuries. BHR-100, unlike previous progesterone infusions, has been tailored to meet all U.S. Food and Drug Administration requirements for approval for use in humans.

BHR Pharma is cooperating with the American Brain Injury Consortium (ABIC) and the European Brain Injury Consortium (EBIC) to locate trial clinics and to help with the final design of the study. BHR has hired PRA International as a Contract Research Organization to assist in conducting the massive trial.

Attorney's Getting Educated About TBI and Related Disorders

The sad fact is that most attorneys, even those holding themselves out as "personal injury" lawyers, do not have the skill or knowledge to appreciate and handle traumatic brain injury cases.

The good news is that as neuroscience and neurolaw advance, many more attorneys are getting education they need to handle these matters.  This is due, in large part, to the work of the Brain Injury Association of America, North American Brain Injury Society, state and other organizations holding continuing education conferences.

I came across an interesting article that had this to say:

An increasing number of Attorneys specializing in Traumatic Brain Injury arising out of motor vehicle accidents, slip and falls, closed head trauma, and blunt head trauma are becoming aware of the concurrent hormonal deficiencies that impede rehabilitation by their affect on psychological, physiological, and physical functioning (see also Heart Attack).

Many are receiving additional training in the area of Interventional Endocrinology to give them the advantage of understanding that head trauma has a two-phase insult on the body. The first: an acute phase, is associated with the gross manifestations of the injury (loss of consciousness, amnesia, cognitive impairment, fatigue, mood changes, and structural damage to the brain) and a second: the delayed phase, leading to progressive loss of one or more hormones within 3 months of the injury. Many times, the first phase is so subtle that the recognition of the second phase is significantly delayed or ignored.

The trauma can be mild, moderate, or severe and still cause the brain's ability to regulate important, life-maintaining, hormones to fail.

Read more here.

So lets keep up the good work!

 

Evidence of TBI in Boxing and Martial Arts

Science Daily reports that researchers published in the current issue of the journal Brain Injury, results that demonstrate when boxers are punched in the head repeatedly, harmful processes are set in motion, which continue long after the initial injuries took place. Earlier research by the same team of scientists showed heightened levels of brain injury markers in the spinal fluid of boxers, further demonstrating the potential for serious injury that fighters may not be fully aware of.

Doctors and scientists have expressed concern that boxers and children who aspire to boxing and martial arts may not be fully informed about the serious risk of long-term chronic brain injury from taking multiple traumatic punches and kicks to the head.

Read more here.

Boxing is A Dangerous Sport

Boxing is one of the world’s oldest forms of sport. Dating all the way back to the days of ancient Greece, formal boxing pits one individual against another in a punching match that can sometimes become rather brutal. In modern professional boxing, emphasis is on putting on a good show en route to knocking your opponent completely out. Fighters sometimes take a punishing beating to the head before collapsing to the floor of the ring. This makes boxers extremely susceptible to permanent brain injury. If you’re a boxer, a fan of boxing, or a parent considering letting your child box, you’re definitely going to want to consider a number of things regarding the danger inherent to the sport.

Research has shown that 80-90% of professional boxers will suffer some form of lasting brain injury. In most cases
the problems are rather mild, but nearly 25% of boxers will face severe, potentially debilitating brain damage. Studies have produced evidence that repeated blows to an unprotected head slowly cause deterioration of brain cells and health. When a fighter dies after a fight or develops dementia well after retiring, it is typically considered to be a result of the long term effects of routine beatings.

Read More Here.

"Boxing should be banned from Olympics", says brain injury charity

Although my good friend and woman Muay Thai fighter, Lisa King, advocates and supports woman's fights, I bring this response by Headway - the brain injury association, a charity's, response to the issue.

 "We are deeply concerned to hear that the IOC is considering adding women's boxing to the Olympic programme," said Peter McCabe, Chief Executive of Headway. "This is nothing to do with the sex of the competitors as we believe all forms of boxing should be banned with immediate effect.

"Eleven medical associations around the world, including the BMA and the World Medical Association, have said chronic brain damage is caused by repeated blows to the head, which are experienced by all boxers. Like Headway, these medical associations believe that all forms of the sport should be banned.

I must weigh in on the side of boxing being a dangerous sport.  I have watched Lisa fight and cringe when she hits or is hit in the head.

The Mysteries Of The Brain: Investigators Search For Answers About Injuries, PTSD

In the first study of its kind, researchers at Saint Louis University are recruiting patients for a clinical trial that will use cutting-edge imaging equipment to map the brain injuries of combat veterans and civilians, aiming to better understand the nature of their injuries. Funded by a $5.3 million grant from the U.S. Department of Defense, researchers will use three types of imaging equipment together, producing better data and a more complete taxonomy of brain injuries, information that investigators hope may lead to better treatment for blast injuries and car accidents.

Scientists once believed that an injured brain was irreversibly damaged and that its function could not be recovered after being lost. It now appears, however, that the brain has the remarkable ability to rewire itself - if one pathway is damaged, another may be able to take over. Researchers anticipate that this study may aid them in identifying specific areas of the brain that can be rewired, as opposed to those which, once damaged, cannot be redirected.

The study will use Tesla 3 MRI, CT (structural imaging) and PET and MEG (magnetoencephalography) (functional imaging).

The results will help science and medicine advance to properly care for traumatic brain injury and PTSD survivors.

 

Culture Change: Caring for Vets

President Obama yesterday spoke with Veterans in Arizona.  He told them that traumatic brain injury and PTSD are the new wounds of war.  Those veterans in Vietnam and other wars who came home only to have depression, alcohol abuse, job loss, and the other "dominoes"  that fall for veterans can be substantially dealt with if treatment is received early enough for veterans of Afghanistan and Iraq.  The government, according to the President, is creating a culture of caring for veterans.

An excellent piece on PTSD in the military and what is being done to address it can be seen by clicking here.

Guide to Selecting Brain Injury Attorney

Mary Retter of the Brain Injury Association of America writes a subperb article entitled Guide to Selecting Legal Representation for Brain Injury Cases.  The article can be found at www.biausawww.biausa.org.
 

Guide to Selecting Legal Representation 
for Brain Injury Cases
By Mary S. Reitter


Introduction
Persons who sustain brain injury resulting from motor vehicle crashes, pedestrian injuries, falls, defective products, negligence and other causes often find it beneficial to consider consulting an attorney with experience in personal injury cases involving brain injury. Given the expensive and extensive need for medical, rehabilitation and long-term services that people with brain injury and their families may face, any and all possible financial resources should be vigorously pursued.
In addition to a personal injury case, other issues which may require legal assistance after brain injury include:
• competency and guardianship
• determination of eligibility for federal and state entitlement programs and appeals, if necessary
• estate planning
• powers of attorney
• separation and divorce
• criminal matters

Depending upon the complexity of the issues, the attorney you select to represent you in a personal injury case also may provide guidance in some or many of these areas, or help you find an attorney who specializes in the particular area of law required.

Personal Injury Cases and Brain Injury
Personal injury cases may afford a person whose brain injury resulted from the negligence of others with the financial resources necessary to maximize recovery and/or provide for long-term care and support needs. Tort law, which includes personal injury cases, is intended to encourage safety and discourage wrongful acts which cause injury. It attempts to provide fair and full compensation for the losses of individuals who have been wrongfully injured or killed. Lost income is an obvious loss. Other damages including pain, suffering, loss of earning capacity and enjoyment of life, as well as the cost of medical and rehabilitation services, also can be awarded as compensation when a judgment is made or a settlement reached.

Consider an Attorney Soon After the Injury Occurs
Important evidence may be lost if an attorney is not involved in the early days following the injury. An attorney can investigate and prepare the case while the person with brain injury and family focus their energies on the process of recovery.

Many people are reluctant to involve an attorney because they feel they cannot afford one. In addition to paying an attorney either hourly or through a negotiated retainer (known as the fee for service basis, personal injury attorneys frequently work on a contingent basis, which means that their fee depends upon obtaining a judgment or settlement for their client. The attorney and client usually negotiate the attorney’s fee before representation begins.

Expenses which are necessary to investigate, prepare and resolve the case may be paid in advance by the attorney but are usually paid out of the consumer’s portion of the total award. This allows individuals to have competent legal representation since they can select the attorney they feel is best qualified to represent them, provided the attorney agrees to accept their case.

Who's the Defendant?
Perhaps one of the most compelling reasons to consider legal representation following a brain injury is the complexity of determining just who may bear some legal responsibility for the injury. For example, in a motor vehicle crash, the driver of an automobile, the automobile manufacturer, the local government and/or its employees and the owner and/or bartender at a local bar all may be liable for the same injury.

The attorney can determine the merit of a variety of possibilities and recommend which cases should be against one or more of the potential defendants. Choose Your Attorney Carefully
The selection of an attorney can have significant long-term implications. The attorney should assist not only in obtaining and preserving any funds resulting from litigation, but also help obtain and preserve any entitlement to federal and state benefits which an individual may have. Without careful planning, valuable benefits may be lost.

It is a decision which requires the serious consideration of many factors. Among these are the attorney’s:
• education and training
• legal experience
• knowledge of the consequences and treatment of brain injury
• knowledge of how to structure and manage awards
• experience with similar cases

In addition, the attorney should be admitted to practice in the state in which the litigation will be filed.

While medical professionals are rapidly becoming more specialized, attorneys usually are still trained to be generalists. Nevertheless, they usually specialize in one area of the law (such as personal injury) soon after beginning practice. A small percentage of all attorneys have specialized knowledge, training, and experience with brain injury and its consequences.

In particular, attorneys may know little about the more subtle cognitive, emotional, physical, behavioral and social difficulties which can occur following brain injury, whether severe or mild. It is important to collect as much information as possible about a prospective attorney before making your selection.

Attorneys Also Choose Their Cases Carefully
Be aware that the attorney has an important decision to make as well. Attorneys will often invest substantial time and money during the investigation, preparation and resolution of the case at their own expense. Under a contingent fee arrangement, the attorney usually receives no fee if there is no recovery for the client. Because of the obvious financial risk involved, attorneys may decline cases if they do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood of success, or if there is limited availability of funds from the defendant(s). Frequently, attorneys conduct a preliminary evaluation before agreeing to accept a case.

Getting Started
The Brain Injury Association of America’s (BIAA) National Directory of Brain Injury Rehabilitation Services (National Directory) lists individual service providers, including attorneys with experience with brain injury cases. These listings are also available online in BIAA’s searchable National Directory at www.biausa.org.

Attorneys who are listed in the National Directory are also available through BIAA's National Brain Injury Information Center at (800) 444-6443. You may also find attorneys through the American Association for Justice (formerly Association of Trial Lawyers of America (AAJ, formerly ATLA) and state and national Bar Associations.

An attorney whom you have used in the past for other matters, or other well-known attorneys in your area, may be able to suggest attorneys who primarily handle cases involving brain injury. Asking physicians and rehabilitation professionals as well as people with brain injury and their families may prove helpful as well.

Lastly, the Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory, provide names of attorneys. While you may search for personal injury attorneys, it does not specify those attorneys with specific brain injury expertise. It may be accessed online at www.martindale.com or your local library may have a copy of the print directory.

Once you have a list of attorneys, schedule a telephone or in-person meeting with each. Be prepared to answer the attorney's questions about the injury as well as ask your own. You may find it useful to compile a written list of questions for each attorney to complete by mail before you meet with them, particularly if the list is lengthy. Include a space for the attorney to sign and date the form.

During the first meeting, you will want to learn about the attorney’s legal background and experiences and his/her experience with cases involving brain injury. This information will be valuable as you compare and contrast the expertise and knowledge of various attorneys in order to make a well informed decision.

The topic areas and specific questions suggested below can help you structure your information gathering. Keep written notes about each of your interviews which include the names of those with whom you talk, the date and time, and maintain copies of all correspondence. You may wish to tape record your interviews for future reference, with permission from those present, or you may wish to ask a friend to accompany you specifically to take notes. This frees you to listen and fully participate in the discussion.

Ask the attorney to suggest other people with similar cases that the attorney has represented (within the limits of attorney/client confidentiality). This means the attorney will need permission from the individual before giving out his/her name. You can benefit from their experiences, both with the attorney and with the legal process you are about to undertake. Bear in mind that some people may not give permission, although they were very satisfied with the representation the attorney provided.

Signing the Attorney-Client Contract
Once you have narrowed your search to a few selected attorneys, you may find it helpful to meet with them once again before an attorney-client contract is signed. This contract formally begins representation in the case. Be sure it clearly spells out the financial and other agreements you have made with the attorney and that you understand your rights and responsibilities as well as those of the attorney.

 Protecting Your Funds
Early in the process, be sure to ask the attorney to help you make arrangements to protect whatever funds you are awarded in a settlement or judgment. The attorney should explore options including structured settlements, trusts and annuities which may enable the person with brain injury to maintain eligibility for government benefits such as Social Security and Medicaid. The attorney should be knowledgeable about and/or explore applicable Social Security asset and resource regulations as the case is prepared.

Taking full advantage of benefits like these may prepare you to provide for expected as well as unanticipated needs that the person with brain injury may have, regardless of the amount of money that may later be awarded.

Questions Which May Help
You will have many questions to ask a prospective attorney. The topics and specific questions suggested below are intended as a guide for your information gathering.

• Try to ask the same questions of each potential attorney
• Write down the responses you receive
• If you are not clear about something the attorney said, either at the time you meet with the attorney or later, do not hesitate to ask for clarification.

Verify the information the attorney has provided by checking with the state bar association, college or university he/she attended, organizations which sponsor education/training the attorney has attended, reading articles written by the attorney and/or other means.

Be observant during the time you spend with each potential attorney. Pay attention to how the attorney, office personnel and staff interact with you and your family and determine if it is comfortable for you. Trust your instincts. Many personal injury cases take years to resolve, so the rapport between you and the attorney can be very important.

Keep in mind that you do not need to know everything about every potential attorney. You will develop more in-depth knowledge about the individual attorney you select as you work together over time.

Questions about How Well the Attorney Understands the Case
• Based on the information you have about my situation, what are the strengths and limitations of my case?
• What additional information about my case do you need and how do you propose to obtain it?
• What is your opinion of (theory of) my case?

Questions to Understand the Resources Available to the Attorney
• Who else in your practice would you involve in my case? What role(s) would these people have? Describe their background and expertise.
• Who will be my primary contact with your practice?
• Are you or your law firm able and willing to advance as much as $50,000 in the investigation, preparation and presentation of my case?

Questions to Understand the Attorney’s Legal and Brain Injury Experience
• How much of your practice is devoted to personal injury?
• Of your personal injury cases, how many are devoted to brain injury?
• What results have you achieved?
• What is your involvement with legal associations, local, state or national brain injury associations or other organizations?
• How did you first become involved in brain injury cases?
• How do you stay up to date with personal injury law and brain injury issues?
• What have you worked on in the past six months?
• What special training or education do you have specific to brain injury or benefits that people can get after brain injury?

Questions to Find References for the Attorney
• Would you suggest three people you have represented that I might contact as references?

Acknowledgments The author wishes to acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals who provided valuable input and review of this guide: C. Michael Bee, Becky Burke, Andy Burnett, Craig Denmead, Bob Eustice, Nathaniel Fick, Simon Forgette, Melody Flinchum Knox, Nick Simkins, Ellen Shillinglaw and Dick Verville.
Note: Originally published in the 1995 and subsequent editions of the National Directory of Brain Injury Rehabilitation Services, the Guide to Selecting Legal Representation in Brain Injury Cases was updated in September, 2007.
© 2007 Brain Injury Association of America, Inc. All rights reserved.

 

Self-Identity Loss and Brain Injury

The leading story in the Sunday NY Times entitled "After Injury, Fighting to Regain a Sense of Self" describes a condition experienced by a small group of traumatic brain injury survivors. 

After a motorcycle accident and brain injury, a 19 year old lost his ability to recognize his mother.  The article decribes the ordeal.

Doctors have known for nearly 100 years that a small number of psychiatric patients become profoundly suspicious of their closest relationships, often cutting themselves off from those who love them and care for them. They may insist that their spouse is an impostor; that their grown children are body doubles; that a caregiver, a close friend, even their entire family is fake, a duplicate version.

Such delusions are often symptoms of schizophrenia. But in the last decade or so, researchers have documented similar delusions in hundreds of people who are not schizophrenic but have neurological problems including dementia, brain surgery and traumatic blows to the head.

A small group of brain scientists is now investigating misidentification syndromes, as the delusions are called, for clues to one of the most confounding problems in brain science: identity. How and where does the brain maintain the “self”?

What researchers are finding is that there is no single “identity spot” in the brain. Instead, the brain uses several different neural regions, working closely together, to sustain and update the identities of self and others. Learning what makes identity, researchers say, will help doctors understand how some people preserve their identities in the face of creeping dementia, and how others, battling injuries like Adam’s, are sometimes able to reconstitute one.

This and other syndromes of traumatic brain injury account for the cognitive deficiencies following injury.

Newborn Brain Damage Stopped

Reporting their results in the Journal of Neuroscience, Scientists show that Inhibiting an enzyme in the brains of newborns suffering from oxygen and blood flow deprivation stops a type of brain damage that is a leading cause of cerebral palsy, mental retardation and death, according to researchers at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.

This is a breakthrough which will save lives and promote healthy delivery of newborns.  Although it is still experimental.

 

PTSD From 9/11

The Las Vegas Review Journal and Associated Press released the results of a study that determined that witnesses of the 9/11 tragedy were many times more likely to suffer from post traumatic stress disorder than those who did not witness it.  The onset was as much as 5 years after 9/11.

These findings are consistent with what we know about post traumatic stress disorder onset.  The condition affects veterans, those subject to horrifying experiences, accident victims and others.

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

This article on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury was Written by Christian Nordqvist of Medical News Today.  It is an excellent summary and refreasher of highlights surrounding the condition.

 Concussion is also known as mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), mild head injury and minor head trauma. Some experts define concussion as a head injury with temporary loss of brain function, which can cause cognitive, physical and emotional symptoms. Concussion may also be defined as an injury to the brain generally caused by a jolt or blow to the head - in the majority of cases the individual does not lose consciousness.

According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, concussion is "An injury of a soft structure, as the brain, resulting from a blow or violent shaking."

In sports medicine the term concussion is commonly used, while in general medicine MTBI (mild traumatic brain injury) may be used as well. Lay people are more familiar with the term concussion.

According to the Brain Injury Association of America males are twice as likely as females to sustain a brain injury. Those at highest risk of a brain injury are males aged 15 to 24 years. People who have had a brain injury are more likely to experience a subsequent brain injury. In 2008 there were 351,992 sports-related head injuries that were treated in hospital emergency rooms in the USA, according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.

Researchers from the Centre de recherche en neuropsychologie et cognition, Université de Montréal, Canada found evidence that athletes who were concussed during their earlier sporting life show a decline in their mental and physical processes more than 30 years later.

What are the causes of concussion?

The brain floats in cerebral fluid which protects it from jolts and bumps. A violent jolt or a severe blow to the head can cause the brain to bump hard against the skull. This can result in the tearing of fiber nerves as well as blood vessel rupture under the skull, leading to an accumulation of blood.

  • Automobile accidents - concussions commonly occur from severe jolts to the head; this can happen when a vehicle suddenly loses speed or stops dead, causing the brain to jar (bash, bump hard) against the skull.
     
  • Sports injuries - especially contact sports, such as martial arts, boxing, rugby, American football, and hokey. Non-contact sports such as snowboarding and skiing as well.
     
  • Falls - any fall that results in a blow to the head or a severe jolt. The majority of concussion cases in very young children and elderly individuals in the USA and UK occur as a result of a fall in the home.
     
  • Horseback riding accidents - there were 11,749 cases of head injuries resulting from horseback riding accidents in 2008 in the USA, according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
     
  • Playground accidents - especially in playgrounds that do not have proper soft underlays.
     
  • Cycling accidents - according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission there were 70,802 cases of head injuries that resulted from cycling accidents.
     
  • Assaults - 11% of traumatic brain injuries in the USA are caused by assaults (people being attacked), according to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Different grades of concussion

Concussion is usually classified into 3 different grades. Below are three of the most widely used ways of classifying concussion:

  • Cantu guidelines
    (Devised by Dr. Robert Cantu, medical director of the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research)
    Grade 1 - Some amnesia lasting no longer than 30 minutes, no loss of consciousness.
    Grade 2 - Loss of consciousness lasting no longer than 5 minutes. Amnesia lasting from 30 minutes to 24 hours.
    Grade 3 - Loss of consciousness lasting more than 5 minutes. Amnesia lasting more than 24 hours.
     
  • Colorado Medical Society guidelines:
    Grade 1 - Confusion. No loss of consciousness.
    Grade 2 - Confusion. Amnesia. No loss of consciousness.
    Grade 3 - Any loss of consciousness.
     
  • American Academy of Neurology guidelines:
    Grade 1 - Confusion that lasts less than 15 minutes. No loss of consciousness.
    Grade 2 - Confusion last lasts for more than 15 minutes. No loss of consciousness.
    Grade 3 - Loss of consciousness (IIIa coma lasts seconds, IIIb coma lasts for minutes)

What are the signs and symptoms of concussion?

Signs and symptoms of concussion may not be noticeable straight away. (A sign is what a doctor can see, hear or feel, such as a rash, or slurred speech. A symptom is something the patient describes, such as a headache, or ringing in the ears.)

 

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Immediate signs and symptoms may include:

  • Loss of consciousness.
  • Confusion.
  • Headache.
  • Slurred speech.
  • Dizziness.
  • Ringing in the ears.
  • Nausea.
  • Vomiting.
  • Amnesia.
  • Tiredness (fatigue).

The following signs and symptoms may not be noticeable for several hours, or even days:

  • Amnesia.
  • Depression.
  • Disturbed sleep.
  • Hyperacusis - sensitivity to sounds.
  • Irritability.
  • Lack of concentration, focus.
  • Moodiness.
  • Photophobia - sensitivity to light.

The following signs and symptoms may be linked to a more serious injury and medical help should be sought:

  • Prolonged headache.
  • Prolonged dizziness.
  • Dilated pupils.
  • The two pupils are not the same size.
  • Prolonged nausea and vomiting.
  • Memory loss does not improve.
  • Ringing in the ears.
  • Loss of sense of smell.
  • Loss of sense of taste.

Concussion signs and symptoms in children - this may be more difficult to detect in very young children because they may not yet have the ability to adequately explain how they feel or identify what needs to be reported. Signs may include:

  • Lethargy, listlessness.
  • Irritability - the child gets cross easily.
  • Changing sleeping patterns.
  • Altered appetite.
  • Walking and/or standing unsteadily (any signs of balance, dizziness problems).

Children - the following signs usually mean the child needs medical attention:

  • The child loses consciousness.
  • After attempting to stem the bleeding, a cut continues to bleed.
  • Any change in the way the child walks.
  • Bleeding from the ears.
  • Bleeding from the nose.
  • Blurred vision.
  • Confusion - the child does not know where he/she is, may not recognize familiar people.
  • Continuous crying.
  • Convulsion (seizure).
  • Discharge from the ears.
  • Discharge from the nose.
  • Dizziness.
  • Loss of appetite.
  • Prolonged headache.
  • Prolonged irritability.
  • Prolonged listlessness, fatigue, lethargy.
  • Repeated or forceful vomiting.
  • Speech is slurred.
  • Worsening headache.

How is concussion diagnosed?

Some sources say that most people can diagnose concussion if the symptoms are present immediately. If an individual has experienced a severe jolt or blow to the head which has left them dazed, confused, or wobbly they have concussion. However, a Canadian study revealed that most minor league hokey players are unable to identify a concussion or its related symptoms . Dr. Cusimano, a professor of neurosurgery, education and public health at the University of Toronto said "Serious misconceptions exist among minor league hockey players, athletes, coaches and parents when it comes to understanding the signs and symptoms of a concussion and its treatment."

Determining the severity of the concussion is more difficult because the signs and symptoms may not become evident until later. Mark R. Lovell, Ph.D., director of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Sports Medicine Concussion program, said that athletes may have severe concussion without becoming unconscious. In a report published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine Lovell explained that amnesia and confusion on the field after injury may be as important, if not more important, in making a return-to-play decision.

A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) or hospital doctor will ask the patient details about the trauma (the blow to the head, the accident). It may be necessary to question the people who accompanied the patient. A neurological examination will also be done, which will include evaluating the patient's:

  • Balance
  • Concentration
  • Coordination
  • Hearing
  • Memory
  • Reflexes
  • Vision

If the patient is over 65 years old, fell from a height of over 3 feet, was involved in a vehicle accident, has been consuming alcohol or drugs, cannot remember what happened 30 minutes or longer after the incident, has short-term memory problems, has been vomiting, had a seizure, has bruising or cuts and scrapes on the head and/or neck, or appears to have a fractured skull, the doctor may order a CT scan.

Glasgow Coma Scale

Doctors often use the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) before deciding whether to use a CT scan. The GCS is a way for doctors and nurses to assess the severity of brain damage following a head injury. It scores patients according to verbal responses, motor responses (physical reflexes), and how easily they can open their eyes.

  • Eyes - Glasgow Coma Scale
      Score of 1 - does not open eyes.
      Score of 2 - opens eyes in response to painful stimuli (when given pain).
      Score of 3 - opens eyes in response to voice.
      Score of 4 - opens eyes spontaneously.

     
  • Verbal - Glasgow Coma Scale
      Score of 1 - makes no sound.
      Score of 2 - incomprehensible sounds (mumbles).
      Score of 3 - utters inappropriate words.
      Score of 4 - confused, disorientated.
      Score of 5 - oriented, chats normally.

     
  • Motor (physical reflexes) - Glasgow Coma Scale
      Score of 1 - makes no movements.
      Score of 2 - extension to painful stimuli (straightens limb when given pain).
      Score of 3 - abnormal flexion to painful stimuli (moves in a strange way when given pain).
      Score of 4 - flexion/withdrawal to painful stimuli (moves away when given pain).
      Score of 5 - localizes painful stimuli (can pinpoint where pain is).
      Score of 6 - obeys commands.

     
  • Brain injury will be classified in the Glasgow Coma Scale as:
      Coma = a score of 8 or less.
      Moderate = a score of 9 to 12.
      Minor = a score of 13 or more.

A computerized tomography (CT) scan - this is a medical imaging method that employs tomography. Tomography is the process of generating a two-dimensional image of a slice or section through a 3-dimensional object (a tomogram). The medical device (the machine) is called a CTG scanner; it is a large machine and uses X-rays. A CT scan is generally accepted as better at looking at bleeding in the brain due to injury than an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan. However, an MRI scan measures changes in brain function from concussion, helping structure return-to-play guidelines, researchers from University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine revealed.

Depending on how the doctor has assessed the patient, he/she may have to stay in hospital overnight. If the patient is allowed to go home the doctor will ask somebody to monitor symptoms for at least 24 hours - this may involve waking the patient up at specific times to check for consciousness.

What is the treatment for concussion?

Most concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) symptoms will go away without treatment. In the USA approximately 1% of patients with MTBI require surgery.

Sex and prior history - prior history of concussion and gender account for significant differences in test results following injury, researchers from the Department of Orthopaedics at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, reported. Because of these differences, the researchers urge physicians and coaches to take an individualized approach to treating people with concussion.

  • Rest - experts say that the most important treatment is rest. It takes time for the brain to recover, which will happen more rapidly if the body is resting and getting a good night's sleep each night. The International Conference on Concussion in Sports stressed that children and teens must be strictly monitored and activities restricted until fully healed. These restrictions include no return to the field of play, no return to school, and no cognitive activity - including academic activities and at-home/social activities including text messaging, video games, and television watching.
     
  • Headaches - acetaminophen (paracetamol, Tylenol) is the best painkiller for headache due to a head injury. Drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen and other NSAIDs should be avoided because they thin the blood and increase the risk of internal bleeding (hemorrhage).
     
  • Sports - it is important not to return to any sporting activity too soon. If you or your child had concussion, only do so when your doctor says it is OK. A study by researchers at the University of North Carolina, USA, found that athletes engaging in high levels of activity following concussion demonstrated impaired brain function, while those who engaged in moderate levels of activity demonstrated the best performance.
     
  • Alcohol - patients should avoid consuming alcohol, which can impede healing, until all symptoms have completely disappeared.
     
  • Migraine - migraine after concussion may indicate an increased risk of neurocognitive impairment, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh Sports Medicine Concussion Program found. They said that doctors need to exercise increased vigilance when deciding about managing a concussed athlete with post-traumatic migraine. They need to be extremely cautious about deciding when the patient can return to their sport.
     
  • Worsening symptoms - if symptoms worsen patients should see their doctor.

A person with a grade three concussion will probably be hospitalized if symptoms persist.

Concussion and long term depression

In a report authored by Robert C. Cantu, M.D., FACSM and published in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, a study of 2,552 retired professional football players revealed that recurrent sport-related concussion appears to be related to an increased risk of clinical depression in retired professional football players.

Prevention of concussion

  • Helmets and other protective headgear - such activities as cycling, motorcycling, skiing, hokey, horse riding should only be done if you wear protective headgear. It is important to buy new protective headgear - not second-hand ones. Headgear will need to be replaced periodically.
     
  • Seat belt - wearing a seat belt has been proven to massively reduce the risk of head injury during vehicle accidents.
     
  • Driving under influence - avoiding drinking and driving, or driving under the influence of illegal drugs or as well as some medications.
     
  • Mouthguard - a good mouthguard can help prevent concussion in such contact sports as boxing, martial arts, rugby, American football, etc.
     
  • Your home - consider adding lighting to areas that may be hazardous. Be alert for clutter that may cause people to fall over. Most head injuries among very young children and elderly people occur in the home. If there are toddlers in the house place pads on sharp edges of furniture, place a gate on the stairs, install window guards.
     
  • Playgrounds - there should be an underlay of soft material, either sand or special matting.
     
  • Jogging in busy streets - wear bright colored clothing and use both your eyes and ears when crossing the road. Keep to the sidewalk (UK/Ireland/Australia: pavement).
     
  • Cycling at night - make sure your bicycle has good lighting both in front and behind. Wear bright clothing with reflectors.
     
  • Nutrition and exercise - a well balanced diet and plenty of exercise can help maintain good bone mass and bone density. This is especially important for seniors (elderly people) and post-menopausal women. Stronger bones may reduce the severity of brain injury following a blow to the head.


 

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

This article on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury was Written by Christian Nordqvist of Medical News Today.  It is an excellent summary and refreasher of highlights surrounding the condition.

 Concussion is also known as mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), mild head injury and minor head trauma. Some experts define concussion as a head injury with temporary loss of brain function, which can cause cognitive, physical and emotional symptoms. Concussion may also be defined as an injury to the brain generally caused by a jolt or blow to the head - in the majority of cases the individual does not lose consciousness.

According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, concussion is "An injury of a soft structure, as the brain, resulting from a blow or violent shaking."

In sports medicine the term concussion is commonly used, while in general medicine MTBI (mild traumatic brain injury) may be used as well. Lay people are more familiar with the term concussion.

According to the Brain Injury Association of America males are twice as likely as females to sustain a brain injury. Those at highest risk of a brain injury are males aged 15 to 24 years. People who have had a brain injury are more likely to experience a subsequent brain injury. In 2008 there were 351,992 sports-related head injuries that were treated in hospital emergency rooms in the USA, according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.

Researchers from the Centre de recherche en neuropsychologie et cognition, Université de Montréal, Canada found evidence that athletes who were concussed during their earlier sporting life show a decline in their mental and physical processes more than 30 years later.

What are the causes of concussion?

The brain floats in cerebral fluid which protects it from jolts and bumps. A violent jolt or a severe blow to the head can cause the brain to bump hard against the skull. This can result in the tearing of fiber nerves as well as blood vessel rupture under the skull, leading to an accumulation of blood.

  • Automobile accidents - concussions commonly occur from severe jolts to the head; this can happen when a vehicle suddenly loses speed or stops dead, causing the brain to jar (bash, bump hard) against the skull.
     
  • Sports injuries - especially contact sports, such as martial arts, boxing, rugby, American football, and hokey. Non-contact sports such as snowboarding and skiing as well.
     
  • Falls - any fall that results in a blow to the head or a severe jolt. The majority of concussion cases in very young children and elderly individuals in the USA and UK occur as a result of a fall in the home.
     
  • Horseback riding accidents - there were 11,749 cases of head injuries resulting from horseback riding accidents in 2008 in the USA, according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
     
  • Playground accidents - especially in playgrounds that do not have proper soft underlays.
     
  • Cycling accidents - according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission there were 70,802 cases of head injuries that resulted from cycling accidents.
     
  • Assaults - 11% of traumatic brain injuries in the USA are caused by assaults (people being attacked), according to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Different grades of concussion

Concussion is usually classified into 3 different grades. Below are three of the most widely used ways of classifying concussion:

  • Cantu guidelines
    (Devised by Dr. Robert Cantu, medical director of the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research)
    Grade 1 - Some amnesia lasting no longer than 30 minutes, no loss of consciousness.
    Grade 2 - Loss of consciousness lasting no longer than 5 minutes. Amnesia lasting from 30 minutes to 24 hours.
    Grade 3 - Loss of consciousness lasting more than 5 minutes. Amnesia lasting more than 24 hours.
     
  • Colorado Medical Society guidelines:
    Grade 1 - Confusion. No loss of consciousness.
    Grade 2 - Confusion. Amnesia. No loss of consciousness.
    Grade 3 - Any loss of consciousness.
     
  • American Academy of Neurology guidelines:
    Grade 1 - Confusion that lasts less than 15 minutes. No loss of consciousness.
    Grade 2 - Confusion last lasts for more than 15 minutes. No loss of consciousness.
    Grade 3 - Loss of consciousness (IIIa coma lasts seconds, IIIb coma lasts for minutes)

What are the signs and symptoms of concussion?

Signs and symptoms of concussion may not be noticeable straight away. (A sign is what a doctor can see, hear or feel, such as a rash, or slurred speech. A symptom is something the patient describes, such as a headache, or ringing in the ears.)
Immediate signs and symptoms may include:

  • Loss of consciousness.
  • Confusion.
  • Headache.
  • Slurred speech.
  • Dizziness.
  • Ringing in the ears.
  • Nausea.
  • Vomiting.
  • Amnesia.
  • Tiredness (fatigue).

The following signs and symptoms may not be noticeable for several hours, or even days:

  • Amnesia.
  • Depression.
  • Disturbed sleep.
  • Hyperacusis - sensitivity to sounds.
  • Irritability.
  • Lack of concentration, focus.
  • Moodiness.
  • Photophobia - sensitivity to light.

The following signs and symptoms may be linked to a more serious injury and medical help should be sought:

  • Prolonged headache.
  • Prolonged dizziness.
  • Dilated pupils.
  • The two pupils are not the same size.
  • Prolonged nausea and vomiting.
  • Memory loss does not improve.
  • Ringing in the ears.
  • Loss of sense of smell.
  • Loss of sense of taste.

Concussion signs and symptoms in children - this may be more difficult to detect in very young children because they may not yet have the ability to adequately explain how they feel or identify what needs to be reported. Signs may include:

  • Lethargy, listlessness.
  • Irritability - the child gets cross easily.
  • Changing sleeping patterns.
  • Altered appetite.
  • Walking and/or standing unsteadily (any signs of balance, dizziness problems).

Children - the following signs usually mean the child needs medical attention:

  • The child loses consciousness.
  • After attempting to stem the bleeding, a cut continues to bleed.
  • Any change in the way the child walks.
  • Bleeding from the ears.
  • Bleeding from the nose.
  • Blurred vision.
  • Confusion - the child does not know where he/she is, may not recognize familiar people.
  • Continuous crying.
  • Convulsion (seizure).
  • Discharge from the ears.
  • Discharge from the nose.
  • Dizziness.
  • Loss of appetite.
  • Prolonged headache.
  • Prolonged irritability.
  • Prolonged listlessness, fatigue, lethargy.
  • Repeated or forceful vomiting.
  • Speech is slurred.
  • Worsening headache.

How is concussion diagnosed?

Some sources say that most people can diagnose concussion if the symptoms are present immediately. If an individual has experienced a severe jolt or blow to the head which has left them dazed, confused, or wobbly they have concussion. However, a Canadian study revealed that most minor league hokey players are unable to identify a concussion or its related symptoms . Dr. Cusimano, a professor of neurosurgery, education and public health at the University of Toronto said "Serious misconceptions exist among minor league hockey players, athletes, coaches and parents when it comes to understanding the signs and symptoms of a concussion and its treatment."

Determining the severity of the concussion is more difficult because the signs and symptoms may not become evident until later. Mark R. Lovell, Ph.D., director of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Sports Medicine Concussion program, said that athletes may have severe concussion without becoming unconscious. In a report published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine Lovell explained that amnesia and confusion on the field after injury may be as important, if not more important, in making a return-to-play decision.

A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) or hospital doctor will ask the patient details about the trauma (the blow to the head, the accident). It may be necessary to question the people who accompanied the patient. A neurological examination will also be done, which will include evaluating the patient's:

  • Balance
  • Concentration
  • Coordination
  • Hearing
  • Memory
  • Reflexes
  • Vision

If the patient is over 65 years old, fell from a height of over 3 feet, was involved in a vehicle accident, has been consuming alcohol or drugs, cannot remember what happened 30 minutes or longer after the incident, has short-term memory problems, has been vomiting, had a seizure, has bruising or cuts and scrapes on the head and/or neck, or appears to have a fractured skull, the doctor may order a CT scan.

Glasgow Coma Scale

Doctors often use the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) before deciding whether to use a CT scan. The GCS is a way for doctors and nurses to assess the severity of brain damage following a head injury. It scores patients according to verbal responses, motor responses (physical reflexes), and how easily they can open their eyes.

  • Eyes - Glasgow Coma Scale
      Score of 1 - does not open eyes.
      Score of 2 - opens eyes in response to painful stimuli (when given pain).
      Score of 3 - opens eyes in response to voice.
      Score of 4 - opens eyes spontaneously.

     
  • Verbal - Glasgow Coma Scale
      Score of 1 - makes no sound.
      Score of 2 - incomprehensible sounds (mumbles).
      Score of 3 - utters inappropriate words.
      Score of 4 - confused, disorientated.
      Score of 5 - oriented, chats normally.

     
  • Motor (physical reflexes) - Glasgow Coma Scale
      Score of 1 - makes no movements.
      Score of 2 - extension to painful stimuli (straightens limb when given pain).
      Score of 3 - abnormal flexion to painful stimuli (moves in a strange way when given pain).
      Score of 4 - flexion/withdrawal to painful stimuli (moves away when given pain).
      Score of 5 - localizes painful stimuli (can pinpoint where pain is).
      Score of 6 - obeys commands.

     
  • Brain injury will be classified in the Glasgow Coma Scale as:
      Coma = a score of 8 or less.
      Moderate = a score of 9 to 12.
      Minor = a score of 13 or more.

A computerized tomography (CT) scan - this is a medical imaging method that employs tomography. Tomography is the process of generating a two-dimensional image of a slice or section through a 3-dimensional object (a tomogram). The medical device (the machine) is called a CTG scanner; it is a large machine and uses X-rays. A CT scan is generally accepted as better at looking at bleeding in the brain due to injury than an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan. However, an MRI scan measures changes in brain function from concussion, helping structure return-to-play guidelines, researchers from University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine revealed.

Depending on how the doctor has assessed the patient, he/she may have to stay in hospital overnight. If the patient is allowed to go home the doctor will ask somebody to monitor symptoms for at least 24 hours - this may involve waking the patient up at specific times to check for consciousness.

What is the treatment for concussion?

Most concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) symptoms will go away without treatment. In the USA approximately 1% of patients with MTBI require surgery.

Sex and prior history - prior history of concussion and gender account for significant differences in test results following injury, researchers from the Department of Orthopaedics at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, reported. Because of these differences, the researchers urge physicians and coaches to take an individualized approach to treating people with concussion.

  • Rest - experts say that the most important treatment is rest. It takes time for the brain to recover, which will happen more rapidly if the body is resting and getting a good night's sleep each night. The International Conference on Concussion in Sports stressed that children and teens must be strictly monitored and activities restricted until fully healed. These restrictions include no return to the field of play, no return to school, and no cognitive activity - including academic activities and at-home/social activities including text messaging, video games, and television watching.
     
  • Headaches - acetaminophen (paracetamol, Tylenol) is the best painkiller for headache due to a head injury. Drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen and other NSAIDs should be avoided because they thin the blood and increase the risk of internal bleeding (hemorrhage).
     
  • Sports - it is important not to return to any sporting activity too soon. If you or your child had concussion, only do so when your doctor says it is OK. A study by researchers at the University of North Carolina, USA, found that athletes engaging in high levels of activity following concussion demonstrated impaired brain function, while those who engaged in moderate levels of activity demonstrated the best performance.
     
  • Alcohol - patients should avoid consuming alcohol, which can impede healing, until all symptoms have completely disappeared.
     
  • Migraine - migraine after concussion may indicate an increased risk of neurocognitive impairment, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh Sports Medicine Concussion Program found. They said that doctors need to exercise increased vigilance when deciding about managing a concussed athlete with post-traumatic migraine. They need to be extremely cautious about deciding when the patient can return to their sport.
     
  • Worsening symptoms - if symptoms worsen patients should see their doctor.

A person with a grade three concussion will probably be hospitalized if symptoms persist.

Concussion and long term depression

In a report authored by Robert C. Cantu, M.D., FACSM and published in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, a study of 2,552 retired professional football players revealed that recurrent sport-related concussion appears to be related to an increased risk of clinical depression in retired professional football players.

Prevention of concussion

  • Helmets and other protective headgear - such activities as cycling, motorcycling, skiing, hokey, horse riding should only be done if you wear protective headgear. It is important to buy new protective headgear - not second-hand ones. Headgear will need to be replaced periodically.
     
  • Seat belt - wearing a seat belt has been proven to massively reduce the risk of head injury during vehicle accidents.
     
  • Driving under influence - avoiding drinking and driving, or driving under the influence of illegal drugs or as well as some medications.
     
  • Mouthguard - a good mouthguard can help prevent concussion in such contact sports as boxing, martial arts, rugby, American football, etc.
     
  • Your home - consider adding lighting to areas that may be hazardous. Be alert for clutter that may cause people to fall over. Most head injuries among very young children and elderly people occur in the home. If there are toddlers in the house place pads on sharp edges of furniture, place a gate on the stairs, install window guards.
     
  • Playgrounds - there should be an underlay of soft material, either sand or special matting.
     
  • Jogging in busy streets - wear bright colored clothing and use both your eyes and ears when crossing the road. Keep to the sidewalk (UK/Ireland/Australia: pavement).
     
  • Cycling at night - make sure your bicycle has good lighting both in front and behind. Wear bright clothing with reflectors.
     
  • Nutrition and exercise - a well balanced diet and plenty of exercise can help maintain good bone mass and bone density. This is especially important for seniors (elderly people) and post-menopausal women. Stronger bones may reduce the severity of brain injury following a blow to the head.


 

Phineas Gage

This short article was recently posted by my collegue, Michael Kaplen of DeCaro & Kaplen.  Michael's practice is in New York City.

The Phineas Gage story is so remarkable and Michael set it out so simply I just could not resist passing it on.   Take a look at how the railroad iron pierced Gage's skull and brain.

Credit also goes to

Photo: Reproduction of a daguerreotype of Phineas Gage, the railroad construction worker.

Credit:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, Copyright Taylor and Francis Group LLC.

 See the railroad spike that pierced the brain of Phineas Gage

Those who know the story of Phineas Gage will appreciate the photo below of Gage holding the famous railroad spike the pieced his brain.  This is a true event that took place in 1848.  Gage was the foreman of a construction crew laying a railroad roadbed.  As he was packing powder and sand into a hole in rock, the powder detonated, sending the 13-pound tamper into his cheek and out of the top of his head. It landed 25 to 30 yards behind him.

Surprisingly, Gage never lost consciousness even  though most of the front of the left side of his brain was destroyed. He made a full physical recovery over the following 10 weeks, but his personality was irreversibly altered. Whereas he had once been an intelligent and even-tempered worker, he had overnight become irreverent, grossly profane, obstinate, capricious and ill-tempered. His friends said he was "no longer Gage."

The story is taught in medical schools to emphasize that you do not need to lose consciousness to suffer a severe brain injury and that a brain injury can cause profound behavior changes in the individual.

The photo and story of how it was discovered can be found in a recent article that appeared in the LA Times, What happened next for famous brain injury patient. 

Alzheimer's Linked to Traumatic Brain Injury

It has been known that traumatic brain injury leads to increased risk of Alzheimer's. 

Neuroscientist, Mark Burns, who is assistant professor at Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC) in Washington, DC. is presenting a paper on their work at the Alzheimer's Association 2009 International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease (ICAD 2009) which is taking place from 11 to 16 July in Vienna, Austria.
 

The Stop Silent Suffering Website reports the following:

Researchers in the US found that the destructive cellular pathways that occur following traumatic brain injury are the same as those activated in Alzheimer's Disease, suggesting that both conditions could be treated with new drugs that target these pathways. They said the findings "cement" the relationship beween traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's Disease.

The brains of elderly patients who died from Alzheimer's Disease often show a build up of a toxic peptide called beta amyloid. The same substance is also found in the brains of around one third of people who have suffered traumatic brain injury, including children.

When a traumatic injury occurs to the brain, a mass of brain cells or neurons dies, and this is then followed by a second "wave" of beta amyloid build up. This secondary damage can last several months or even years and leaves big holes inside the brain.
 

The people at Titolo Law Office represent only those injured in car accidents, truck accidents, Death accidents, falls and most all injury accidents. Please give us a call at 702.869.5100 and find out how we can help you.

Drug Development in Traumatic Brain Injury

Neal Farber PhD is on the Board of Governors for the International Brain Injury Association.  IBIA recently published this article authored by Dr. Farber:

 Developing drug treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been notoriously difficult. While most of the severe neural damage that accompanies acute TBI results from the initial impact, considerable additional damage occurs over the following hours and days by biochemical cascades triggering inflammation, cell death and disruption of neural pathways. It would be ideal to have a treatment that prevents this degeneration, but decades of clinical research have so far been unsuccessful. In addition, there are non-acute symptoms such as prolonged disorders of consciousness, long-term cognitive and physical impairments, for which treatments have not been developed. [full story]

The people at Titolo Law Office represent only those injured in car accidentstruck accidents, Death accidents, falls and most all injury accidents. Please give us a call at 702.869.5100 and find out how we can help you.

Latest Brain Injury Facts

The CDC post the latest Brain Injury Facts:

TBIs contribute to a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability annually.

Of the 1.4 million who sustain a TBI each year in the United States:

50,000 die;
235,000 are hospitalized; and
1.1 million are treated and released from an emergency department.1
Among children ages 0 to 14 years, TBI results in an estimated:

2,685 deaths;
37,000 hospitalizations; and
435,000 emergency department visits annually.1
The number of people with TBI who are not seen in an emergency department or who receive no care is unknown.

Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths

Research Findings on Treatment Guidelines for Severe TBI

Facts about Concussion and Brain Injury and Where to Get Help

CDC Study Finds Traumatic Brain Injuries Can Result from Seniors Falls
 

 

To read more join Chis Levinson at Masry and Vititoe Law Offices.  Known throughout the country as the personal injury law firm that successfully handled the famous Hinkley case profiled in the movie "Erin Brockovich," Masry & Vititoe has gained national recognition as a leader in Environmental Tort cases.

Vertical Heterophoria Syndrome (VHS)

I am currently dealing with a client who sustained a head injury and whose doctors are trying to rule out Vertical Heterophoria Syndrome (VHS). 

This is an eye alignment condition. Those who suffer from VHS are over-working their eye muscles to maintain vertical eye alignment. This leads to eye muscle strain and fatigue, which causes many different symptoms, including:

Dizziness
Lightheadedness
Nausea
Unsteadiness
Drifting While Walking
Poor Coordination
Poor Depth Perception
Motion Sickness
Headaches
Neck Ache
Head Tilt
Anxiety From Dizziness
Feeling Overwhelmed or Anxious in Crowds or Large Spaces
Light Sensitivity / Glare
Double Vision
Shadowed/Overlapping Vision
Difficulty with Reading & Reading Comprehension 
 

Read more here.  View more on YouTube

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Many victims of traumatic brain injury develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.  I recently came across a great article on the symtoms, causes and other information of PTSD.

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) is triggered by a traumatic event - it is a kind of anxiety. The sufferer of PTSD may have experienced or seen an event that caused extreme fear, shock and/or a feeling of helplessness. Most of us experience a brief period of difficulty adjusting and coping with traumatic events. However, we gradually get better with time and healthy coping methods. On the other hand, there are times when symptoms get worse and may last for several months, or years. This study explains how PTSD can surface two years after a traumatic event. Another study found that one in eight Lower Manhattan residents likely had PTSD two to three years after the 9/11 attacks.
 

Read the full article here.

$31 million verdict against hospital negated by settlement agreement

Lou Grieco covers courts for the Dayton Daily News and reported the following sad story about a birth brain injury.  Luckily the lawyers did a great job and the boy will have resources to help him throughout his life.

DAYTON — Last week’s $31 million verdict against Miami Valley Hospital could be the largest jury award for a medical malpractice case in Ohio history, though a settlement agreement makes it unlikely the hospital will have to pay that much.

As the jury was deliberating Thursday afternoon, July 2, after a four-week trial before Montgomery County Common Pleas Judge Timothy O’Connell, attorneys for the hospital and the family of Leondo Stanziano worked out a settlement agreement, plaintiffs’ attorneys Richard Lawrence and Patrick J. Beirne confirmed Monday, July 6.

“All disputes between the parties have been resolved,” Lawrence said.

Lawrence and Beirne said the verdict is the largest medical malpractice award they could find in Ohio. The last big medical malpractice case in Montgomery County resulted in an $8 million award last year, they said.

Lawrence and Beirne said the agreement is confidential and they could not discuss the details. They expect the case to be finished in the next 30 to 40 days, they said.

The agreement will end the case, eliminating any appeals or punitive damages, which were to be decided later, Lawrence said.

Beirne said that nearly $26 million of the jury’s award was for future medical care for the boy, now 8, who was born Dec. 11, 2000 at the hospital.

He suffered “permanent, irreversible brain damage,” during his birth, according to the complaint filed by his family in 2006.

The lawsuit also identified Dr. Kedrin E. Van Steenwyk and Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynecology as defendants, but the jury found that neither was liable for what happened to the boy.

The boy’s mother, Renetha, was a VBAC patient, meaning she would deliver the boy vaginally, though she had previously had a Caesarian section. That meant she was at a higher risk for a ruptured uterus during labor, which occurred, Lawrence said.

At that point, the mother’s body stopped providing oxygen through the placenta, though the boy was still inside her. He probably went 18 to 20 minutes without oxygen, Lawrence said.

The hospital staff, which knew Renetha Stanziano was a high-risk patient, erred by failing to monitor the labor properly, by failing to diagnosis the hyper-stimulation of her uterus, by inappropriately using the drug Pitocin and by not telling the attending physician of her “inappropriate contraction pattern,” according to the complaint.

The nurses continued to give her Pitocin, even as her contractions escalated to unsafe levels, and “they blew the uterus apart,” Lawrence said.

The boy, called “Leo,” has severe cerebral palsey. He uses a feeding tube. He cannot speak, is not ambulatory and has trouble holding anything in his hands,” Lawrence said. Though Leo is badly disabled, he is alert and can recognize family members. When he needs something, he communicates by kicking, Lawrence said.

Leo will never be able to work, and Renetha and her husband Douglas are now “24-7 health-care givers,” Lawrence said. After Leo’s birth, Renetha stopped attending college and quit her job at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base to take care of the boy, Lawrence said.

Hospital officials could not be reached for comment Monday. On Friday, President and Chief Executive Mary Boosalis said “Miami Valley Hospital is concerned for every patient under our care and we recognize the heartache of this tragic situation. We respectfully disagree with the jury’s decision and continue to support the work of our professional staff.”

 

NY Trial Defense of Alcohol Withdrawl Fails

Interesting defense tactics to attribute signs, symptoms and consequences of brain injury to drug or alcohol use and abuse, are often encountered.  Here is one such story.

A jury has awarded $13 million to a New York transit worker who fell 30 feet from a platform while repairing rail on an elevated track.

Although the city tried to argue that the plaintiff should have been hooked to a safety line, he won summary judgment on liability and the trial was on damages only, said Lawrence Biondi of Lawrence P. Biondi Law Firm in White Plains, N.Y., who represented the plaintiff.

At trial, the city also argued that evidence of brain damage was attributed to the plaintiffs' history of drug and alcohol abuse.

But Biondi said this strategy rang hollow with the jury.

"They went heavy on that. Every witness got on the stand and the whole trial was drugs and alcohol, but I think it backfired," said Biondi.

The defense attorney, Joseph F. Sullivan of Sullivan & Brill in New York, N.Y., did not return a call to his office seeking comment.
 

Read the full article at Sylvia Hsieh. "Supreme Court of New York awards transit worker $13M for fall from platform." Lawyers USA. Dolan Media Company MN. 2009.

BIAA Update on Legislation

The Brain Injury Assocation has posted the folllowing Legislative Update:

Brain Injury Association of America
Policy Corner E-Newsletter -- June 26, 2009
A weekly update on federal policy activity related to traumatic brain injury
__________________________________________________________________

In This Issue:
Health Care Reform Update
SLI Announces Military Brain Donor Registry
_____________________________________________________________________


The Policy Corner is made possible by the Centre for Neuro Skills, James F. Humphreys and Associates, and Lakeview Healthcare Systems, Inc.  Brain Injury Association of America gratefully acknowledges their support for legislative action.
_____________________________________________________________________

Health Care Reform Update


This week Congress leaves for the July 4th recess in the midst of the Heath Care Reform debate.  At this time, both the Senate and the House of Representatives is engaging in talks over draft proposals with the hopes of bringing one collective measure to a final vote this fall.  BIAA will continue to monitor the situation closely and advocate for the provisions essential to the brain injury community.

Senate Finance Committee


The Senate Finance Committee, whose members have been negotiating a bipartisan proposal behind the scenes this week left Thursday for the July Fourth recess without a deal, although Senate Finance Chairman Max Baucus said he has developed policy to pay for legislation that would cost less than $1 trillion over 10 years.

According to Congressional Quarterly, Baucus said the bill's cost would be offset, in part, by taxing some employer-sponsored health benefits, something that makes the White House and many lawmakers in both parties uneasy. Nonetheless, limiting the bill's spending to $1 trillion is a significant step for the Finance Committee, which has been seen as the main arena for those hoping to get a bipartisan health care bill.

Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee (HELP)


This week, the Senate HELP committee continued to mark up a draft health care overhaul bill drafted by its chairman, Sen. Edward Kennedy.


On Wednesday, the HELP committee adopted 20 amendments to the bill that were considered noncontroversial. The amendments were adopted by voice vote.


Sen. Christopher Dodd, who is leading the markup while Kennedy is being treated for brain cancer at home in Massachusetts, said the committee has adopted 240 amendments to the bill thus far.


House Tri-Committee Proposal (Committee on Energy and Commerce, Committee on Education and Labor, Ways and Means Committee)


This week, the House began debating their draft Health Care Reform bill that was developed by the chairmen of the three committees of jurisdiction.


Both the Energy and Commerce and Education and Labor committees held public hearings on the measure Tuesday. The hearings covered the gamut of health policy issues under debate in Congress at the moment, including the merits of creating a government-run insurance plan to compete with private insurers, how to finance an overhaul and how to protect doctor-patient relationships.


Importantly, the draft bill includes Rehabilitative services as part of the minimum benefits package and does not impose annual or lifetime limits on coverage. 


BIAA Supports the Sports Legacy Institute's Brain Donor Registry for Military Veterans

Leading medical experts at the Sports Legacy Institute (SLI), a nonprofit educational and research organization dedicated to advancing understanding of the long-term effects of brain trauma, announced Tuesday, June 23, 2009, that they have launched the SLI Military Living Donor Registry, a brain and spinal cord donation registry for active and veteran members of the United States military.

In conjunction with The Boston University Center, the Sports Legacy Institute will compare findings from the brains of military personnel with those from their athlete program, which has signed up more than 120 donors in less than a year, and other brain banks around the world.

Col. Michael S. Jaffee, national director of the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, said the Defense Department supported the spirit of the research and could assist in approaching active and retired soldiers to register for brain donation.

BIAA enthusiastically supports this initiative and will continue to advocate on its behalf.  For further reading, click on the link below to view the New York Times article:  (The official press release will be available shortly on BIAA's web site:  www.biausa.org )

Mass. Officer Honored

Signs honoring a state trooper who was seriously injured by a drunken driver has been dedicated at a highway interchange on Cape Cod where she directed rush hour traffic for years.

Ellen Engelhardt sustained a severe brain injury in 2003 when a car driven by an 18-year-old Wayland man slammed into the back of her cruiser in the breakdown lane of Route 25. She remains confined to a special care facility in Middleborough.

The plaques bearing Engelhardt's name were unveiled Tuesday at Exit 7 off the mid-Cape highway in Yarmouth, where the trooper was a fixture directing morning traffic. The honor is a rare one for living police officers.
 

Information on Positron Emission Tomography PET

While I have seen the uses and acceptance of PET in traumatic brain injury cases in the court room, this is something worth sharing on other uses of PET:

PET scans are commonly used to investigate the following conditions:
Epilepsy - it can reveal which part of the patient's brain is being affected by epilepsy. This helps doctors decide on the most suitable treatments.MRI and/or CT scans are recommended for people after a first seizure, this study explains.

Alzheimer's disease - it is very useful in helping the doctor diagnose Alzheimer's disease. A PET scan that measures uptake of sugar in the brain significantly improves the accuracy of diagnosing a type of dementia often mistaken for Alzheimer's disease, a study revealed.

Interesting related articles:

What is MRI? How does MRI work?

What is a CT scan? What is a CAT scan?
Cancer - PET scans can show up a cancer, reveal the stage of the cancer, show whether the cancer has spread, help doctors decide on the most appropriate cancer treatment, and give doctors an indication on the effectiveness of ongoing chemotherapy. A PET scan several weeks after starting radiation treatment for lung cancer can indicate whether the tumor will respond to the treatment, a study showed. This article looks at whether PET scans are beneficial during cancer diagnosis, staging and monitoring.

Heart disease - a PET scan helps detect which specific parts of the heart have been damaged or scarred. Any faults in the working of the heart are more likely to be revealed with the help of a PET scan. A study revealed how comprehensive diagnosis of heart disease based on a single CT scan is possible.

Medical research - researchers, especially those involved in how the brain functions get a great deal of vital data from PET scans.

ATV Accident Results in Death and Brain Injury

A 7-year-old Draper boy has died in an all-terrain vehicle crash at a family farm in southern Utah.

Landon Woodbury's father, Spencer Woodbury, says the boy and his 12-year-old sister were riding on ATVs at the farm near Monticello on Wednesday when the boy approached a dump truck that was carrying gravel.

The San Juan County sheriff's office says Landon Woodbury slammed into it and was thrown headfirst into the vehicle.

Landon Woodbury, who was wearing a helmet, sustained serious brain injuries and died on Thursday after being transferred to Primary Children's Medical Center in Salt Lake City.

San Juan County Sheriff Mike Lacy says rain and speed may have contributed to the accident, which is under investigation.
 

Read the full story by clicking here http://www.sltrib.com/

TBI Facts Primer

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem in the United States. Each year, traumatic brain injuries contribute to a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability. Recent data shows that, on average, approximately 1.4 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury annually.

A TBI is caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain. Not all blows or jolts to the head result in a TBI. The severity of a TBI may range from “mild,” i.e., a brief change in mental status or consciousness to “severe,” i.e., an extended period of unconsciousness or amnesia after the injury. The majority of TBIs that occur each year are concussions or other forms of mild TBI.

CDC’s research and programs work to prevent TBI and help people better recognize, respond, and recover if a TBI occurs.
 

 

Go to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) to access the following facts sheets.  Click here.

 

Concussion in Sports
An estimated 1.6 to 3.8 million sports- and recreation-related concussions occur in the United States each year. This fact sheet provides an overview of concussion in sports and recreation and steps to take to help prevent these injuries.


Facts about Traumatic Brain Injury
This fact sheet was developed by CDC in collaboration with ten national organizations. It contains up-to-date information about the incidence, causes, risk factors, and cost associated with TBI in the United States.


Facts about Traumatic Brain Injury (Spanish) Datos sobre lesiones traumáticas del cerebro
Esta hoja informativa contiene la información más reciente sobre incidencia, causas, factores de riesgo y costos relacionados con lesiones traumáticas del cerebro.


Traumatic Brain Injury: A Guide for Criminal Justice Professionals
This guide provides an overview of TBI, information on the extent of TBI and related problems within the criminal justice system, and how these problem can be addressed.




Traumatic Brain Injury in Prisons and Jails: An Unrecognized Problem
This guide provides information for TBI professionals about what is known about individuals with TBI in prisons and jails, how TBI-related problems affect them and others while they are incarcerated, and what is needed to address these problems.


Victimization of Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury or Other Disabilities: A Fact Sheet for Professionals
This fact sheet was developed for professionals and provides an overview of the topic of victimization of persons with TBI or other disabilities.



Victimization of Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury or Other Disabilities: A Fact Sheet for Friends and Families
This fact sheet provides a general overview of victimization and risks to people with TBI or other disabilities.



 

 


* Links to non-Federal organizations found at this site are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not constitute an endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the Federal Government, and none should be inferred. CDC is not responsible for the content of the individual organization Web pages found at these links.

 

Another Case of Shaken Baby

A Massachusettes man is charged with shaking his girlfriend's 10-month old baby to death.

Authorities say the boy died at Hasbro Children's Hospital in Providence after being diagnosed with diffuse brain edema and bilateral retinal hemorrhaging, both symptoms of shaken baby syndrome.

Police said Lopez was the only adult present at the apartment when the baby suffered extensive injuries. The baby's mother was working.
 

Heartbreaking.

Reported at http://www.southcoasttoday.com/

Immediate treatment comment

Dr. Baxter writes in response to my post on getting immediate care in brain injury:

Just last month I witnessed an 83 year old woman stumble and fall on her face. She wanted to go, but I kept her there, administered first aid and called paramedics. By the time she was strapped down to the back board in readiness to transport her (against her will) to the hospital, she began acting very combative. Combativeness in a victim of head trauma is a very strong sign that brain injury was sustained. You just can't tell immediately after the trauma. It is always best to take the proper precautions.

Recently, progesterone therapy has been found to have very potent anti-inflammatory effects on the brains of people that have suffered traumatic brain injury, thereby lessening the severity of the injury. This is just further evidence that there are many reasons why we all need to do all we can to promote hormone balance in ourselves and others.

Thank you for the comment.

Oregon Brain Injury Association Needs Your Help

My friend and collegue, Sherry Stock, sent me this message.  Sherry is the mover and shaker at the Brain Injury Association of Oregon.  I have helped her and the Association in the past and encourage anyone willing to do the same.

We need your help right now-this morning—Get this out to your email list and friends-we need help right now
Call:
Senator Courtney (503-986-1600)
Senator Richard Devlin (503-986-1719)
Senator Margaret Carter (503-986-1722)

The Facts

RE: HB 2413

HB2413 only affects those who are breaking the law-not the general public.

HB2413 has passed both the House Human Services Committee and by House Revenue, which gave it a do-pass vote. The bill has never had any opposition from any group or lobbyist for any group.

BIAOR contacted public safety groups and asked if they had a position on HB 2413. The following groups stated that they either did not oppose or remained neutral on the $2 additional assessment on moving traffic violations or sent a letter of support.

Multnomah County Sherriff’s Office (sent letter of support)
Portland Police Association, Scott Westerman, President
Oregon Council of Police Associations
Oregon State Sheriff’s Association
Oregon District Attorneys Association

Important Facts:

Ÿ Each year, approximately 20,000 people in Oregon sustain a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). (This and all other statistics – unless noted otherwise – are estimates using statistics for TBI from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.)

Ÿ More than 670 people in Oregon die every year as a result of TBI. The main causes of TBI deaths in Oregon are motor vehicle crashes.

Ÿ 32% of all TBIs that required hospitalization in 2006 were the result of motor vehicle accidents. (“Injury In Oregon, 2008” OR Department of Human Services)

Ÿ Nearly 20% of Oregon’s survivors with TBI will have a moderate to severe injury requiring assistance for the rest of their lives - 49% of these are from motor vehicle accidents.

Ÿ Blasts are the leading cause of TBI for active duty military personnel in war zones, including the Oregon National Guard– 320,000 nationally and an estimated 3500 Oregon National Guard.

 

Sherry Stock, MS CBIS
Executive Director
Brain Injury Association of Oregon
2145 NW Overton St, Portland OR 97210

Mailing Address:
PO Box 549
Molalla OR 97038

503.740.3155 800-544-5243 fax: 503.961-8730

biaor@biaoregon.org
sherry@biaoregon.org
http://www.biaoregon.org

IRS 501(c)(3) organization
Affiliated with the Brain Injury Association of America
Tax ID: 93-0900797


Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.
--Albert Einstein

 

Immediate Treatment Key In TBI

I found an article by Dennis Thompson, HealthDay Reporter, entitled "For Every Blow to the Head, Quick Action Is Urged; Symptoms may not be noticeable, but fatal brain damage can occur." Consumer Health News (English). HealthDay. 2009.   In it Mr. Thompson interviews Dr. O'Shanick, a neuropsychiatrist in Virginia who also heads the Brain Injury Association of America.  I have worked with Dr. O'Shanick on cases and present this article here to assist in making the point that delays in treatment in cases of traumatic brain injury can have devastating impact.

Gregory O'Shanick has been the Medical Director of the Center for Neurorehabilitation Services in Midlothian, Virginia since 1991. After attending Ohio State University, he entered the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston and graduated in 1977. His post-graduate studies were at Duke University Medical Center. His academic career includes faculty appointments at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Medical College of Virginia and most recently, in the Department of Neurological Surgery at the University of Virginia. He has authored more than 100 publications, including editing or co-editing three textbooks. As a result of his international reputation in neuropsychiatry and neurorehabilitation, he was asked to be the first National Medical Director of BIAA in 1996, a post he still holds.

Dr. O'Shanick is a member of the American Neuropsychiatric Association, the American Academy of Neurology, the American Society of Neurorehabilitation and a Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association. He has previously chaired a panel developing evidence-based guidelines for the evaluation of mild traumatic brain injury.
The tragic death of actress Natasha Richardson in March riveted people's attention to the issue of brain injury and raised important questions about what to do if this happens to you or a loved one.

Richardson died hours after taking a minor fall while skiing at a Quebec resort. She picked herself up from the fall and refused medical attention, but three hours later in her hotel room, she complained of a headache. Within hours she was in critical condition. Two days after the fall, she died.

"Even when someone looks fine initially, it can still have devastating consequences," said Dr. Greg O'Shanick, national medical director for the Brain Injury Association of America. "The critical issue is that you don't have to lose consciousness to sustain a significant brain injury," he explained.

"In this case, Richardson had what's called an epidural hematoma," O'Shanick continued. "There's an artery that runs right underneath the skull, and the skull on the temple is very thin. You can break the bone, the bone cuts the artery and a high-pressure blood clot forms. That then squeezes the brain."

Richardson's death, though, is known to have saved at least one life. An Ohio couple whose 7-year-old daughter had been struck in the temple two days earlier by a baseball hit by her dad rushed the girl to a doctor after watching a news report on Richardson, according to published reports.

It turned out she was suffering from the same condition as Richardson. Her parents' quick action was credited with saving the little girl's life.

More than 1.4 million people suffer a traumatic brain injury each year in the United States, according to the Brain Injury Association of America. Most are treated and released from an emergency department, but 235,000 are hospitalized and 50,000 die.

Dr. Rade Vukmir, an emergency department physician, clinical professor of emergency medicine at the University of Pittsburgh and a spokesman for the American College of Emergency Physicians, credits media coverage of Richardson's accident and death with making people more aware of potential brain injuries.

However, Vukmir said, it's still too early to tell if that awareness has translated into more people coming to emergency departments worried about head injuries.

O'Shanick said his organization received many phone calls and Web site hits in the days after Richardson's injury. "They wanted to find out a lot about the basics of head injury, prevention issues, how much of a hit does it take to create that kind of injury," he said.

People seem to have a good understanding of the basics of head injuries, Vukmir said: "Most people who pass out know to come in. Most people who vomit know to come in."

But the real problem, illustrated by the cases of both Richardson and the Ohio girl, is that potentially fatal brain injuries don't always produce severe or noticeable symptoms.

Nonetheless, certain steps should be taken to ensure that someone who's taken a blow to the head will be all right. They include:

Stay with the person. "If there's a question of what's going on, don't let the person be by themselves," O'Shanick said. "Make sure there's a person in attendance, watching over them. If you see someone once and they go off to their hotel room, unless there's someone there watching, no one's going to know about any changes in behavior. You really do need to make sure there's someone watching."

Watch for behavior changes. If the person becomes suddenly drowsy, irritable or confused, acts in a drunken manner, begins repeating statements or has trouble walking or speaking, get the person to an emergency room immediately for treatment, O'Shanick said.

Be particularly cautious with high-risk groups. The very young, the very old, people on blood thinners and anyone who's intoxicated are at increased risk for brain injury and should be given special attention if an injury is suspected, Vukmir said.

Of course, there's no reason at all to maintain a wait-and-see attitude, he added.

"We encourage patients to present themselves if they have any questions about their head injury," Vukmir said. "Call a health care professional or present yourself for emergency care so we can ask the questions and sift through the information."
 

TBI and Death are REAL!

While I do not expect this event to be picked up in the local paper, I am reporting that Traumatic Brain Injury and Death are real and all around us.

Last night as I, my wife, and children were watching television before bed we saw siren lights in front of our home.  Several neighbors had gathered around a firetruck and police cars.

We live in a gated community adjacent to a park.  Apparently some young boys aged 12 to 17, two of whom were brothers, were hopping the wall from the park into the neighborhood.  One fell to the concrete walkway on his head.  Another ran to the guard gate to get help explaining that his friend fell.  The boy gave the guard his home address which caused first responders to go to the wrong location.  When they finally figured out the correct location and arrived to assist, the boy was not moving.  His brother was found leaning over his motionless brother.  He was dead.

Who knows if the death could have been avoided had first responders not been sidetracked to the wrong location?  Whether the delay contributed to the death? It may have.  But the stark reality of how quickly and easily life can be taken was made startling real for my young daughters, wife and me.

 

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Brain Werner of the Balance Institue shared a "Great review of BPPV" from an article in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2008) 139, S47-S81.  He states " This is very common post mTBI and commonly missed."


A primary complaint of dizziness accounts for 5.6 million clinic visits in the United States per year, and between 17 and 42 percent of patients with vertigo ultimately receive a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).1-3 BPPV is a form of positional vertigo.
 

● Positional vertigo is defined as a spinning sensation produced
by changes in head position relative to gravity.
● Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is defined as a
disorder of the inner ear characterized by repeated episodes
of positional vertigo.
 

Traditionally, the terms benign and paroxysmal have been used to characterize this particular form of positional vertigo. In this context, the descriptor benign historically implies that BPPV was a form of positional vertigo not due to any serious CNS disorder and that the overall prognosis for recovery was favorable.4 However, undiagnosed and untreated BPPV may not have “benign” functional, health, and quality-of-life impacts. The term paroxysmal in this context describes the rapid and sudden onset of the vertigo associated with an episode of BPPV. BPPV has also been termed benign positional vertigo, paroxysmal positional vertigo, positional vertigo, benign paroxysmal nystagmus, and paroxysmal positional nystagmus. In this guideline, the panel chose to retain the terminology of BPPV because it is the most common terminology encountered in the literature
and in clinical practice.
 

The Balance Institute sees patients for among other things:

•Adolescent balance disorders
•Amputee rehabilitation
•Aviation medicine
•Cerebral vascular
•Chemical toxicity
•Chronic mobility disorders
•Dizziness/Dysequilibrium
•Fall risk identification, prevention and management
•Head injuries/Concussion
•Movement disorders
•Neurogenerative diseases
•Pharmacological/Ototoxicity
•Spinal Cord Injury
•Sports medicine (performance enhancement)
Vestibular disorders (e.g., BBPV)
•Worker's compensation/Legal 

88 Plan

88 Plan

Named for Pro Football Hall of Famer and NFL legend John Mackey who wore jersey number 88 for the Baltimore Colts, the 88 Plan is the first program of its kind in this country. The 88 Plan provides retired players up to $88,000 per year for medical and custodial care resulting from dementia, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Funding for dementia research is also being provided. Almost $3 million has been distributed to suffering players and their families through this benefit. 

The NFL Care plan includes disability, assisted living, joint repacement, spine treatment and prescrinption drug benefit.

 Read the full article here

Comment on Helmets

Carl,

Thank you for your comment on helmet laws. For those of you who have not seen Carl’s comment I am reprinting it here.

Could someone please help a concerned father out and point me in the direction of skateboarding helmet laws in Las Vegas. I have a teenage daughter who has a new friend who enjoys skating. I encourage Molly to try new things, with in reason. She's a good kid asking Mom and I if this new venture would be alright. Mom and I did share our concerns which came off unsupportive to our teen. In truth the girl does get 99% of all she asks for and will be getting her board too. Which will soon be sitting next to her bikes, in-line skates, and scooter in 3months, I'm OK with that! I just figure if I know and understand the laws surrounding this activity I can better help mom feel better about it as well. And we all can be clear on what is safe responsible ridding. Both by law and as concerned parents!

Thanks for whatever help can be offered...
Carl Foster!

I found this web site dealing with the status of laws in the country. http://www.iihs.org/laws/HelmetUseCurrent.aspx#NV

 Nevada has no law regarding bicycles and helmets.
 

I have 3 young girls and share your concern about the potential injury from riding on “wheelies” skateboards and the like. My suggestion would be to press hard on educating your daughter on what injury to the head and brain can do and how easily it can happen from a skateboard accident.

Talk about the recent actress, Natasha Richardson’s, Skiing accident. http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/mar/19/need-for-ski-helmets

Here are more sites you mind helpful. http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/349.pdf http://www.neuroskills.com/tbi/cdcbikemenu.shtml

Good luck and best of health

Tim
 

Mayo Clinic Site

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Your brain floats within your skull, surrounded by fluid that cushions it from the bounces of everyday movement. But the fluid may not be able to absorb the force of a sudden blow or a quick stop. In these situations, your brain may slide forcefully against the inner wall of your skull and become bruised.

 

 

An intracranial hematoma occurs when a blood vessel ruptures within your brain or between your skull and your brain. The collection of blood (hematoma) compresses your brain tissue.

 

Signs and symptoms of an intracranial hematoma may occur from immediately to several weeks or longer after a blow to your head. As time progresses, pressure on your brain increases, producing some or all of the following signs and symptoms:

■Headache
■Nausea
■Vomiting
■Drowsiness
■Dizziness
■Confusion
■Slurred speech or loss of ability to speak
■Pupils of unequal size
■Weakness in limbs on one side of your body

The Mayo Clinic publishes a very useful site for information on brain injury.  I selected a few interesting excerpts and you can access the site by clicking http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/intracranial-hematoma/DS00330.

Drug may prevent brain injury epilepsy

An FDA drug, rapamycin, has been found to help prevent forms of epilepsy caused by brain injury.  Epilepsy risks increase with the incident of brain injury.

"We hope to shift the focus from stopping seizures to preventing the brain abnormalities that cause seizures in the first place, and our results in the animal models so far have been encouraging," Dr. Michael Wong, senior author of the research, said

The study that included postdoctoral fellow Ling-Hui Zeng appears in the May 27 issue of The Journal of Neuroscience.

The Sad Untold Story

A tremendously important story has gone virtually untold by the media, ignored by our political leaders and unknown to the American public. Despite the extraordinarily high price they have paid, America's severely wounded veterans are enduring humiliating financial hardships of epic proportions. Home evictions, utility shutoffs, car repossessions and foreclosures are commonplace.

Spouses have to give up their jobs to become caregivers, cutting family incomes by up to 50 percent or more. Most disabled vets receive much less in compensation and benefits than they did while on active duty, reducing incomes even further. Many are too dysfunctional to hold a meaningful job, if any, because of the devastating effects of post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). 
 

Rick Amato of the Washington Press.  Rick Amato is a radio talk-show host in San Diego and with Washington Times Radio News. Amato Strategic Communications provides consulting services to nonprofit organizations, including veterans causes.
 

There is a great deal of information out there on PTSD and the military, and this may largely be due to the origins of the PTSD diagnosis.

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be considered a "young" diagnosis. It was not until 1980 that the diagnosis of PTSD as we know it today came to be. However, throughout history, people have recognized that exposure to combat situations can have a profound negative impact on the minds and bodies of those involved in these situations.

In fact, the diagnosis of PTSD originates from observations of the effect of combat on soldiers. The grouping of symptoms that we now refer to as PTSD has previously been described in the past as "combat fatigue," "shell shock," or "war neurosis."

It is not surprising that high rates of PTSD have been found among soldiers from World War II, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, and the war in Iraq.

 Rick's perspectives include getting congress to put soldier and veterans disability right to top of the stimulus packages being authorized of late.  He quotes President Reagan "Until our politicians feel the heat, they won't see the light."

Read the whole article  in the Washington Press including a specific case of a military couple struggling to endure.

 

Nevada Woman Abuses Brain Injured Sister

The risks and prognosis of those who suffer brain injury go on well after the time of injury.  Here is a story about a woman's sister being abused 15 years after brain injury.  The sad reality of what can happen is seen here.

A Carson City woman is scheduled to stand trial in June on a misdemeanor battery charge while authorities continue to investigate felony abuse allegations in the death of her disabled sister.

A home health nurse reported allegedly seeing Patricia VonDracek, 50, slap and punch her disabled sister, 55-year-old Sandra VonDracek in April.

According to police reports, sheriff's Deputy Josh Stagliano said Patricia VonDracek denied hitting her sister, but Sandra, who has a brain injury from a traffic accident 15 years ago, said Patricia hit her often.

Stagliano called paramedics and had Sandra VonDracek, a Navy veteran, taken to the hospital. It was his understanding, according to police reports, that hospital staff would attempt to get her placed into the Veteran's Hospital in Reno and she would not be returned to her sister's care.

Based on the witness and victim's statements, Stagliano submitted a report to the District Attorney's office for a warrant.

On May 21, records show Stagliano and another deputy went to VonDracek's home to serve the arrest warrant. While there, Patricia told them her sister had been returned to her home and died May 15 while sitting in a recliner in the living room.

Stagliano arrested Patricia VonDracek on a single charge of domestic battery and she was jailed on $15,000 bail. He then contacted detectives.

"He was extremely concerned and asked me to look into it," Carson City sheriff's Detective Craig Lowe told the Nevada Appeal.

In his report, Lowe said he located Sandra's remains at a Carson City funeral home and was able to photograph "numerous contusions and what appeared to be scratch marks on Sandra's face."

Lowe had the body taken to the Washoe County Medical Examiner's Office for an autopsy.

Though a cause of death was not determined, the autopsy showed the woman suffered broken ribs and internal bleeding. Toxicology tests and a neurologist's report on a brain examination are still pending.

"According to the attending pathologist, there were signs of non-accidental injuries from numerous incidents," Lowe wrote in the report. He also said Patricia VonDracek's 14-year-old son told police that a week before his aunt died, his mother had stomped on her lower stomach as she lay on the floor.

The boy "claimed he restrained his mother and removed her from the room telling her to calm down and that he would care for Sandra," the report said.

Patricia VonDracek was interviewed by detectives and booked on suspicion of felony domestic battery with substantial bodily harm and felony abuse of a vulnerable person.

Her bail was set at an additional $100,000.

Information from: Nevada Appeal, http://www.nevadaappeal.com


 

Dr. Helen Mayberg For the Defense - Again!

It's nearly impossible to tell if a former soldier convicted of killing an Iraqi family has brain damage because of the method used to scan his brain, a neurologist testified Tuesday.

Dr. Helen Mayberg, a professor at Emory University in Atlanta, said the wrong protocols were used during an MRI of former Pfc. Steven Dale Green. Instead of what amounted to a complete scan of Green's brain, his MRI included pauses between each scan, Mayberg said.
 

I first ran into Dr. Mayberg in a brain injury case I tried before a jury in the early 1990s.  She adamantly said that Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was not useful for corroborating diagnosis of brain injury caused by trauma. Dr. Joseph Wu of UC Irvine said it was one tool used among the others available.  The PET scan Dr. Wu performed was allowed into evidence by the court.

It is very interesting to note that so-called experts hired by defense lawyer firms come up with the same type of testimony in virtually every case.  What ever the treating or plaintiff's expert says is "wrong."

While hired in a criminal case:

Prosecutors called Mayberg to the stand to rebut the May 12 testimony of Ruben Gur, director of neuropsychology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.

Gur, called by the defense, reviewed a 2008 MRI and found Green has brain damage. He made the diagnosis after comparing Green's MRI to scans from 41 other men of roughly the same age without brain injuries. People with such injuries have "major difficulties" restraining their impulses, he said.
 

Defense attorneys have argued that Green's lack of impulse control was a factor in him taking part in the slayings of the al-Janabi family.

Defense attorney Scott Wendelsdorf, while questioning Mayberg, said MRI's don't necessarily tell the entire story of what is happening in someone's brain.

"A normal MRI doesn't mean nothing is wrong with a brain, does it?" Wendelsdorf asked.

"That's a very true statement," Mayberg said.
 

Dr. Mayberg has made a good living testifying against plaintiffs and criminal defendants.  Read about the case by clicking here.

Soldier with Mild TBI Dies of Drug Overdose

Indiana National Guard Sgt. Gerald "G.J." Cassidy, who served his country in Bosnia and Iraq, died alone and ignored in a barracks at Fort Knox from an accidental drug overdose. His fate left a legacy that has changed the lives of thousands of wounded soldiers, Army officials say.

Cassidy began experiencing migraine headaches after a roadside bomb exploded about 11 feet from his Humvee in Iraq in August 2006. With diagnoses of post traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury.

One Fort Knox soldier told investigators, "The staff at the WTU did not keep accountability of soldiers and were not making any checks on the welfare of soldiers" with PTSD and brain injury.

On the day Cassidy died, his platoon sergeant reported him at formation when he actually hadn't seen him for two days.

After repeated calls from Melissa Cassidy after she had not heard from him in a couple of days, Sgt. Cassidy was found dead in his chair. A toxicology report from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology ruled his death accidental, caused by "multi-drug toxicity," compounded by coronary artery disease.

Excerpted from Soldier's hospital death leads to changes as published in Associated Press.  Information from: The Courier-Journal, http://www.courier-journal.com

 

National Institutes of Health Research

Research is the key to understanding and dealing with Traumatic Brain injury.

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)conducts and supports research on Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) to better understand the biological mechanisms of injury, to develop strategies and interventions to limit the primary and secondary brain damage that occur following TBI, and to devise effective treatment strategies to improve long-term recovery of function. NINDS areas of research include:

1.  Assessment of posttraumatic brain function and pathology
2.  Discovering mechanisms of brain injury and repair processes
3.  Identification of therapeutic targets
4.  Translational research for therapy development
5,  Clinical trials to evaluate therapeutic efficacy
6.  Current TBI clinical trials at NIH and other organizations
7.  NINDS Clinical Research Overview 

The NINDS publishes Traumatic Brain Injury: Hope through Research and NINDS Shaken Baby Syndrome Information Page.  Click on either link to see more.
 

What is Diffuse Axonal Injury?

Wikipedia defines Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) as

one of the most common and devastating types of traumatic brain injury, , meaning that damage occurs over a more widespread area than in focal brain injury. DAI, which refers to extensive lesions in white matter tracts, is one of the major causes of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state after head trauma. It occurs in about half of all cases of severe head trauma and also occurs in moderate and mild brain injury.

The outcome is frequently coma, with over 90% of patients with severe DAI never regaining consciousness. Those who do wake up often remain significantly impaired.

Nowadays, other authors state that DAI can occur in every degree of severity from (very) mild or moderate to (very) severe. Concussion may be a milder type of diffuse axonal injury.

DAI is not easily detected by physicians in mild and moderate cases. Imaging studies and neuropsychological evaluations in addition to observations of relatives, friends and co-workers are some of the devices used when diagnosing DAI. Cases involving mild to moderate brain injuries are harder to tackle than cases in which there is objectively discernible injury such as loss of consciousness, skull fracture, or intracranial bleeding on imaging studies. Often such cases involve allegations of diffuse axonal injury (DAI), an injury to the brain that can occur at the microscopic level and not be detectable even by computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.

Nonetheless, DAI can cause significant changes in personality or cognition which can create significant life change.
 

Stroke Victims Overestimate Their Ability to Drive

"The decision to resume driving after stroke can be complicated by the sequelae of stroke as well as the established finding that even healthy adults overestimate their driving ability. This study evaluated whether stroke survivors (n = 67) disproportionately overestimated their driving ability as compared to healthy significant others ( n = 67)," researchers in the United States report.

"Comparison to a known target reduced self-bias among both groups, but shift toward enhanced accuracy was significantly greater among survivors than significant others. Additionally, self-bias may reflect a pervasive trait of cognitive ability, as overestimation of driving ability was paralleled on a cognitive estimation task," wrote C.A. Scott and colleagues, Wayne State University.

The researchers concluded: "Use of a specific criterion can facilitate accurate self-ratings of driving ability among survivors; however, actual decisions regarding driving status may be unrelated to self-view."

Scott and colleagues published their study in the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Self-assessment of driving ability and the decision to resume driving following stroke. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2009;31(3):353-362).

 

New Study on Neuropsychological Tasks

An interesting study comparing the effect of dual tests on memory and activities of daily living in truamatic brain injury patients was released.

According to a study from Nagoya, Japan, "We quantitatively evaluated memory performance in patients in the chronic stage of closed traumatic brain injury using dual visual tasks."

"Simple memory tests and questionnaires concerning activities of daily living (ADL) were also utilized to evaluate any correlation with the results of the dual tasks. The results of dual tasks and memory tests were correlated with the daily activity scores, but there was no correlation between the results of dual tasks and memory tests," wrote J. Hasegawa and colleagues, Nagoya University, Medical Department.

The researchers concluded: "We concluded that the dual task was effective for detecting memory and ADL disturbances, which were not disclosed by conventional memory tests."

"Data on clinical and experimental neuropsychology described by researchers at Nagoya University, Medical Department." Psychology & Psychiatry Journal. NewsRX. 2009. Retrieved May 08, 2009 from HighBeam Research: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-198635191.html
 

Diabetes and Alzheimer's

A recent study by Mount Sinai faculty suggests that a gene associated with onset of type-2 diabetes also decreases in Alzheimer's disease dementia cases. The research, led by Dr. Giulio Maria Pasinetti, MD, Ph.D., The Aidekman Family Professor in Neurology, and Professor of Psychiatry and Geriatrics and Adult Development at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, was published this week in the scientific journal, Archives of Neurology.

Read the full article by clicking here.
 

Woman Shot in Head Survives

In an amazing story, A Jackson County man died and his wife was critically injured Tuesday in what authorities described as an attempted murder and suicide at a home off Tanner Williams Road in the Harelston community.

Jackson County Sheriff Mike Byrd said a witness called for help after she was able to escape the home of the victim, Tammy H. Sexton, 47, who had been shot in the head.

The woman was found lying on the bed talking to authorities.  Authorities, cited in the Sun Herald, stated. "“It’s truly a miracle that she survived something like this and was talking and conscious,” Byrd said Wednesday. “She had a gunshot wound that went in over her left eye and exited the back of her skull. Based on everything I’ve seen in my career, she shouldn’t be alive.”

 

Once again, a story of a severe brain injury where the victim walks and talks afterwards.  It is reported Tammy Sexton offered authorities tea even with the penetrating would she sustained.

This is similar to the famous case of Phinneas Gage who suffered a railroad iron through his head and frontal lobe and never lost conciousness in 1848.  He survived however lived a forever changed life in that his personality was irreparably compromised.

 

Medical Records Help Attorneys Uncover Crucial Case Details

Part of the attorney's job in evaluating a case is to obtain and analyze medical records.  This makes communication with the client very important.  Getting medical records for the current injury as well as past records play a crucial role in evaluating the case.

Many times clients are reluctant to reveal past injuries or events.  This creates problems later in the case since information they are unaware of may exist in other records.

Within medical records lies the hidden detail that could prove negligence or that could absolve the unjustly accused practitioner. Though the records often seem incomprehensible, attorneys can
find crucial information in them if they know where to look. Following is a summary of what information should be included in various types of hospital records.

Progress Notes – A daily narrative of a patient’s medical care. They describe the patient’s progress, symptoms and course of recovery. Often written by a resident or intern, and then signed
or initialed by the treating physician. Each entry should be dated and signed.

Admission Notes – Done on the day of hospitalization by the treating physician. Notes should include a history and physical examination, diagnosis and recommendations for treatment.

Examination Form – The history should include the chief complaint, details of the present illness, relevant past, social and family histories and inventory of the body systems. This should
be completed within 24 hours of admission.The physical examination should reflect a general evaluation and a notation of blood pressure, pulse and respiration; the skin, eyes, ears, nose
and throat; neck; breasts, lungs, and heart, abdomen; genitalia or pelvis; rectum; extremities and lymph nodes. A neurological examination should be recorded and allergies noted. A final
impression should be stated.

Doctor’s Orders – Requests for diagnostic testing and therapeutic treatment. All orders should be dated and signed by the physician. Verbal orders are expected to be signed by the doctor during the next patient visit, or within 24 hours. The treating physician is responsible to check that the patient is receiving what was ordered. The nursing staff should conduct a 24-hour review of the orders. Treating physicians should be notified of impending stop orders.

Surgical Records – Documents the preparation of a patient scheduled for surgery. Generally includes a surgical check list of preparatory steps taken by the nursing staff the night before surgery.

Operative Report – A complete and detailed report made within 24 hours. Contains identification of procedures used, a description of all findings, including anomalies encountered, specimens
removed, postoperative diagnosis, unusual events and name of primary surgeon and assistants. A progress note, written by the physician concerning the operation should appear in the records.

Anesthesia Record – Documents the anesthesiologist’s visit, including conversation with the patient, efforts to obtain information pertinent to the patient’s past surgeries, a physical
examination, and complete review of the patient’s chart. During surgery, the anesthesia record should show:
- The length of time anesthesia was administered;
- Time needed to complete surgery;
- Quantities and types of drugs, blood, and intravenous fluids
administered during surgery;
- Continuous record of pulse, blood pressure and respiration;
- Observation notes to include reaction to anesthesia surgery.

Consent Form – Informed consent is necessary for elective treatment and diagnostic procedures involving invasion or disruption of the integrity of the body. A consent form should
include: The date, identity of the patient, and the name of the procedure or treatment interpreted in laymen’s terminology, as well as the name of the person administering treatment and
authorization for anesthesia. The form should state possible risks or complications that have been explained to the patient; authorization for disposal of tissue or body parts; explanation of
alternative treatment, and signature of the patient and a witness.

Nursing Notes – Written on a per shift basis, should be recorded at the time of or immediately after patient events, depending on hospital policy or patient condition. The notes should detail the
progress of the patient and be made in chronological order. They should be signed by the person performing a procedure or witnessing an event.

Discharge Summary – Should be a recap of relevant diagnosis, operative procedures performed significant findings, treatment rendered, the condition of the patient upon discharge and the
discharge instructions. It should be dictated by the treating physician.
 

Mild & Minor Traumatic Brain Injury: An Unfortunate Oxymoron

Mild & Minor Traumatic Brain Injury: An Unfortunate Oxymoron (Part 1)
Timothy R. Titolo
Attorney

I have often heard it said “if it’s to the brain, any injury is significant!” Huh? Hello? Is anyone paying attention? I said, " ‘if it’s to the brain, any injury is significant!’ “

 

Introduction

The literature and research has come a long way in helping to provide answers and guides for the previously disbelieved and improvable "mild brain injury” and "post concussion syndrome.” As a trial lawyer, representing victims and families who have suffered from traumatic brain injury, I have immersed myself in the medical literature in an attempt to better represent and understand my clients and their injuries. The purpose of this article is to provide a legal perspective on the information available and the misconceptions lay people and many lawyers have regarding "mild brain injury.”

As lawyers, medical practitioners, and lay people, we are all probably too familiar with the results of paraplegia, quadriplegia, neurodisease, and varying degrees of dementia. These are all spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury outcomes. What about those who Ronald Ruff, Ph.D., neuropsychologist, has coined "the miserable minority?”

Defining and Understanding Mild Brain Injury

Trauma comes in as the third leading cause of death in the United States following only cardiovascular disease and cancer. (Trunkie, 1983). With the advent of technologically enhanced mode of transportation, motor vehicle travel, cases of head trauma have proportionally increased. Motor vehicle crashes are responsible for a large majority of head trauma. As emergency medical care improves and becomes more available and developed, individuals in our modern society are surviving the acute phases of their injuries and require continued rehabilitation.

What about those whose outcomes are not visibly evident as with paraplegia? Science and medicine have brought the current state of knowledge to a universal agreement that microscopic sized injury to the neurons and axons of the brain can have devastating effects on a person”s cognitive ability, psychiatric and psychological outcomes. And, as one would expect, these types of microscopic lesions and their outcomes are of greatest controversy between medical practitioners and legal professionals. Judges do not understand the specifics of diagnostic testing and yet are allowed, under Daubert to act as the gate keeper for allowing evidence to be brought into a courtroom to help further the understanding of the fact finder. Many lawyers simply do not have the understanding or education necessary to properly pursue a claim for traumatic brain injury. And finally medical practitioners of varying skill levels will provide opinions about matters for which they have been given, many times for the defense, an inadequate base of information to make a diagnosis. This results in Dr. Ruff”s "miserable minority.”

A closed head injury occurs when the soft tissue of the brain is forced into contact with the hard, bony, outer covering of the brain, the skull. Along with the head injury, the average patient usually experiences neck and back injuries. Mild closed-head injuries can occur after a severe neck injury without the head actually striking any surface. The severity of the injury can range from mild to more severe. The symptoms are worse when there is a rotational component to the head injury in addition to back and forth movement of the head. In milder injuries with post concussion syndrome, loss of consciousness need not always occur. There is, however, always some alteration of consciousness: some interruption of brain function. Sometimes a patient remains confused or agitated for a period of time following a closed head injury. With milder injuries, loss of consciousness usually lasts less than an hour (Bernad, 1998).

PRACTICAL NOTE - One must be on guard of medical practitioners hired by the defense who justify their diagnosis and conclusions on the assumption that there was no loss of consciousness. Typically a witness to the patient”s loss of consciousness is not available. Usually the first one to the scene might be a bystander coming to provide aid or the ambulance paramedic who arrives some minutes after the event. The defense medical practitioner will look at the Aevidence available” and conclude from the ambulance and emergency room records that, if they do not indicate a loss of consciousness, then it is reasonable to assume there was none. And, very frequently, these medical practitioners are not provided with deposition testimony or other evidence or information from other observers who may have described the injured party as disorientated or passed out, etc.

All too often I have gotten the defense medical examiner to agree that being provided with Aadditional information” could change their diagnosis. Then I hear something to the affect that since we do not live in a Aperfect world” and we are dealing with time as a Acommodity” such Alimitless” information is not obtainable. What this means, is since the reviewing doctor only got paid to spend an hour or whatever with the patient, there was not enough compensation involved to allow for the sincerest evaluation of the patient.

For instance, I rarely see a neurologist or neuropsychologist, hired by the defense, request of the defense lawyer, information to help in the diagnosis and conclusions. This should certainly not be missed and is a great opportunity to discredit that witness. Rarely has the defense medical examiner taken the time to review what people, who have known the patient, have noticed as changes since the trauma. Is this relevant? You bet it is. Did Dr. Ruff do it in the case at hand-absolutely not! Why? Because he did not live in a Aperfect world” and did not have the Afunding” to do a more extensive evaluation. Ironically, the information had already been made available to his hiring lawyer who skipped getting information from these people before hiring their expert neuropsychologist.

 

Legislative Update

The Senate adopted its fiscal 2010 budget resolution (S Con Res 85) Thursday night, a few hours after the house adopted its version (H Con Res 85).

While neither budget exactly mirrors President Obama's proposal, they do pave the way for implementing his proposals on health care, energy and education. Conference negotiations will focus on whether to include provisions that would, like the House plan, allow health care overhaul legislation move through the filibuster proof reconciliation process and how much in discretionary spending should be provided to the Appropriations panels to write the 12 annual spending bills.

According to Congressional Quarterly, the Senate plan would provide the Appropriations panel with $1.08 trillion, which is $15 billion less than the president requested and about $8 billion less than the House resolution.
 

UNLV Study

A study published at the University of Nevada Department of Psychology and in the Journal Applied Neuropsychology (Structure of attention in children with traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology, 2009;16(1):1-10) reveals differences in children with traumatic Brain Injury

The researchers concluded:

"These findings support the utility of a multicomponent model of attention to understand attention deficits resulting from TBI, and may be useful in determining those aspects of attention that are differentially impacted by TBI, in order to assist in assessment and rehabilitation planning."

'Talk and die syndrome' made actress's death difficult to prevent

One question that I always ask a defending neurologist or neuropsychologist is whether a person is walking and talking after a brain injury automatically rules out the presence of brain injury.  They invariably say no and the recent Nataha Richardson case illustrates the fact.

JESSICA LEEDER  states that Condition masks severity of brain injury, prompting victims, such as Natasha Richardson, to refuse medical treatment, experts say

Natasha Richardson's fatal descent began when she suffered a rare bout of "talk and die syndrome" after falling on a Quebec ski hill with limited access to head-trauma specialists.

Brain-injury experts say victims of the infrequent syndrome, which masks head injuries, are often conscious after hitting their heads and lucid enough to deem themselves unhurt, as Ms. Richardson did this week, laughing off her tumble on a beginners hill at Mont Tremblant and declining an ambulance. Victims can appear healthy even though they require medical attention and, in some cases, are on the brink of death.

"You can't drag them screaming to the hospital," said Charles Tator, a University of Toronto neurosurgeon who emphasized that talk and die syndrome is an infrequent occurrence in brain-injury cases. Still, he said: "Every health-care professional, paramedic and ski patroller knows about this phenomenon. That's why you never allow a head-injured person to be alone."

Mont Tremblant employees told The Globe and Mail they monitored the actress after she returned to her hotel after the fall and summoned an ambulance when her condition began to deteriorate.

An autopsy revealed yesterday that Ms. Richardson sustained a brain-killing clot called an epidural hematoma. Although severe, epidural hematomas can be difficult to detect at the outset.

"I have had the privilege of saving many lives during my career in just this situation, where somebody bangs their head, has a lucid interval, has a blood clot, and is brought immediately for attention," said Dr. Tator, who is also the founder of ThinkFirst, a non-profit organization for the prevention of brain injury.

As the circumstances around Ms. Richardson's death have become more clear, they have prompted much hand-wringing at resorts, where officials feel there are limits to the amount of safety precautions and medical attention they can compel guests to accept.

"It gets to be a difficult call, particularly when the guest insists that they go home ... and don't take us up on the offer to see someone," said Brian Leighton, safety manager at the Whistler Blackcomb resort in British Columbia. "If the patients are conscious and able to make these decisions on their own, we can't force them onto a spine board or into an ambulance."

In the absence of legal regulations requiring skiers to wear helmets - resorts can suggest guests wear protective headgear but cannot ban adults who refuse - head injuries are difficult to prevent.

"People fall down on ski hills all the time," said Doug Firby, a spokesman for Sunshine Village Ski and Snowboard Resort in Banff, Alta. "Some of them bang their heads. I can't imagine a scenario in which you could actually force all those people to go to hospital."

Continue Reading...

TBI Facts

Each year in the United
States, an estimated 1.4
million people sustain a
TBI.

Each year in the United
States, an estimated
80,000 - 90,000 people
experience the onset of
long-term disability
associated with a TBI.

Direct medical costs and
indirect costs (such as lost
productivity) of TBI are
estimated at $60 billion
annually. This number
does not take into account
returning military service
personnel with TBI.

10% to 20% of Marines
and Soldiers returning
from Afghanistan and Iraq
may have experienced
brain injuries.
 

Did You Know?

DID YOU KNOW?

  • A concussion is the most common type of brain injury sustained in sports.
  • Most concussions do NOT involve loss of consciousness.
  • You can sustain a concussion even if you do NOT hit your head. An indirect blow elsewhere on the body can transmit an “impulsive” force to the head and cause a concussion to the brain.
  • Multiple concussions can have cumulative and long lasting life changes.
  • Concussions typically do NOT appear in neuroimaging studies such as MRI or CAT Scans.
  • An estimated 1.6-3.8 million sports- and recreation-related concussions occur in the United States each year.
  • During 2001-2005, children and youth ages 5–18 years accounted for 2.4 million sports-related emergency department (ED) visits annually, of which 6% (135,000) involved a concussion.
  • Of the 1.4 million traumatic brain injuries sustained by children and adults in the United States each year, at least 75% are mild and/or concussions.
  • Among children and youth ages 5–18 years, the five leading sports or recreational activities, which account for concussions, include bicycling, football, basketball, playground activities, and soccer.

Natasha Richardson Injured

In case you missed it, reported in yesterday's, Post Chronicle: Tragedy: Vanessa Redgrave Daughter, Natasha Richardson Brain Dead:

The daughter of Vanessa Redgrave, Natasha Richardson, has tragically been declared brain dead, according to sources close to Richardson and her family, and they are reportedly preparing to take the actress off life support.

It seems that what appeared to be a simple fall during a ski run has become a tragedy after Natasha Richardson's headache apparently turned into cerebral hemorrhaging.

The actress' husband, Liam Neeson, is by Natasha's bedside at a New York hospital, along with her mother, children and possibly other family members.

A close friend of the family tells People Magazine of Natasha's condition: "There is no chance...It is a fact that her heart is beating but she is brain dead."

Doctors have described Natasha's condition as a "leakage of blood between the brain and skull" and other doctors have said that her brain may have suffered pressurized swelling.

Another report has called Natasha's condition an Acute Subdural Hematoma, which is a form of traumatic brain injury in which blood gathers within the inner meningeal layer of the dura (the outer protective covering of the brain). Subdural hematomas are usually the result of a serious head injury. Acute subdural hematomas are among the deadliest of all head injuries. The bleeding fills the brain area very rapidly, leaving little room for the brain, and are associated with brain injury.

Now the family of Natasha will have to decide if they will take her off life support.

"It's not official yet, but they basically will detach her," a friend revealed to the press.

Neeson and Richardson have two sons, 13-year-old Michael and 12-year-old Daniel.

 Image: CraveOnline

TBI The Invisible Injury

TBI:
The Invisible Injury

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head
injury. The injury is caused by falls, motor vehicle crashes, assaults and other
incidents. Blasts are a leading cause of TBI for active duty military personnel in
war zones.

Any TBI—whether diagnosed as mild, moderate or severe—can temporarily or
permanently impair a person’s cognitive skills, interfere with emotional wellbeing
and diminish physical abilities.

Individuals with TBI may experience memory loss; concentration or attention
problems; slowed learning; and difficulty with planning, reasoning, or judgment.
Emotional and behavioral consequences include depression, anxiety,
impulsivity, aggression, and thoughts of suicide.

Physical challenges of TBI may include fatigue, headaches, problems with
balance or motor skills, sensory losses, seizures, and endocrine dysfunction.
TBI often leads to respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and neurological diseases,
including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.

Poor outcomes after TBI result from shortened length of stays in both inpatient
and outpatient medical settings; insurance coverage denials for rehabilitative
treatment; and inadequate funding for public services. Too often individuals with
TBI are prematurely discharged to untrained, unsupported family caregivers or
inappropriately placed in nursing homes, psychiatric institutions or correctional
facilities.

Maximal recovery and long-term health maintenance for people with brain injury
can only be achieved through a comprehensive, coordinated neurotrauma
disease management system providing for immediate treatment, medicallynecessary
rehabilitation, and supportive services delivered by appropriately
trained TBI specialists in the public and private sectors.
 

Wartime troop brain injures could reach 360,000

This excerpt is from the AP:

The number of U.S. troops who have suffered wartime brain injuries may be as high as 360,000 and could cast more attention on such injuries among civilians, Defense Department doctors said Wednesday.

The estimate of the number injured — the vast majority of them suffering concussions — represents 20 percent of the roughly 1.8 million men and women who have served in Iraq and Afghanistan, where blast injuries are common from roadside bombs and other explosives, the doctors said.

The estimate came in a Pentagon news conference on activities planned this month to bring attention to brain injuries. The doctors said the number could be as low as 180,000, based on estimates that between 10 percent and 20 percent of troops might have received such injuries.

The previous high estimate offered publicly was 320,000 in a study released a year ago by the private Rand Corp. It was based on about 1.6 million who had done tours of duty in the wars from late 2001.

Though so-called "traumatic" brain injury can range from a mild form such as concussions to severe forms with penetrating head wounds, officials said the majority of injuries among troops are the mild form.

The overwhelming majority heal — and heal without treatment — but an estimated 45,000 to 90,000 troops have suffered more severe and lasting symptoms, said Brig. Gen. Loree Sutton, the head of the Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury.

The Army alone spent $242 million last year for staff, facilities and programs to serve troops with brain injuries, said Lt. Col. Lynne M. Lowe of the Army surgeon general's office.

Sutton said that, as in previous wars, the research and other work being done by the military will eventually benefit the civilian world. Whether the injuries occur while people ride bicycles, play football, skateboard or ski, "we know that this is an issue across the country," she said.

"In the past ... it was difficult to get this on the radar screen," said Dr. James Kelly, director of the National Intrepid Center for brain injuries and psychological health. "Brain injury was not recognized as a problem ... of any consequence and was, especially in the sports community, often dismissed or trivialized."

"I think that now you're seeing it being taken very seriously," Kelly said. "The wartime experience has been a big part of that."

 

Michael J. Fox Foundation Awards $1.9 Million for Development of Non- Invasive Neuroimaging Techniques in Living Brain

The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research awarded approximately $1.9 million total to six teams working to develop neuroimaging technologies that would allow scientists to non-invasively visualize the clumping of the alpha-synuclein protein in the living human brain. Such technologies would dramatically accelerate research into the cause, progression and treatment of PD.

PTSD & Panic Attacks

When humans are exposed to traumatic events that may or may not be sufficient enough to cause brain injury, many experience symptoms of post-traumatic anxiety and panic attacks. For example, motor vehicles accidents are a leading cause of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with a significant subgroup having persisting symptoms after a year (Mayou et al., 1997, 2002). They are also the leading cause of brain injury, particularly in younger adults (Langlois, 2003). Blast injury is another traumatic event that can cause brain injury from secondary or tertiary factors (see blast injury article) but can also cause one to be psychologically traumatized due to the threat to one’s life and/or physical integrity.

Too often, I encounter clinical situations where some health care providers have not specifically inquired into all posttraumatic stress disorder and panic attack symptoms in patients with a history of known or suspected mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). On other occasions, some of the symptoms have been mentioned by the patient but the only diagnosis listed in the impression section is mild traumatic brain injury and “post concussion syndrome.” This is problematic since some of the signs and symptoms of PTSD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (APA, 1994) are identical to those of post-concussional disorder. Shared symptoms include irritability, sleep disturbance, and concentration problems. In addition, DSM-IV postconcussional disorder criteria include apathy and lack of spontaneity, which are very similar to the PTSD symptoms of restricted affect and diminished interest or participation in significant activities. Also, many patients with PTSD develop panic attacks. Dizziness is a symptom of panic attacks and is also a symptom of postconcussional disorder.

Whereas PTSD and panic attacks have enough research behind them to be considered legitimate diagnoses in DSM-IV, this is not the case for postconcussional disorder, which is listed in the section entitled “Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study.” According to the text, diagnoses are listed in that section because “…there was insufficient information to warrant inclusion of these proposals as official categories or axes in DSM-IV.” When considering this, clinicians need to be careful before telling patients that persisting symptoms after a known or suspected MTBI are caused by persisting effects of brain injury. In evaluating the possibility that other conditions may account for persisting symptoms, clinicians should routinely inquire about the presence of PTSD symptoms.

DSM-IV criteria for PTSD are as follows:
 


A. The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following have been present:

(1) the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others (2) the person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. Note: In children, this may be expressed instead by disorganized or agitated behavior.

B. The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced in one (or more) of the following ways:

(1) recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, including images, thoughts, or perceptions. Note: In young children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the trauma are expressed.

(2) recurrent distressing dreams of the event. Note: In children, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content.

(3) acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (includes a sense of reliving the experience, illusions, hallucinations, and dissociative flashback episodes, including those that occur upon awakening or when intoxicated). Note: In young children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur.

(4) intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.

(5) physiological reactivity on exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.

C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (not present before the trauma), as indicated by three (or more) of the following:

(1) efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the trauma

(2) efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of the trauma

(3) inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma

(4) markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities

(5) feeling of detachment or estrangement from others

(6) restricted range of affect (e.g., unable to have loving feelings)

(7) sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., does not expect to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span)

D. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (not present before the trauma), as indicated by two (or more) of the following:

(1) difficulty falling or staying asleep
(2) irritability or outbursts of anger
(3) difficulty concentrating
(4) hypervigilance
(5) exaggerated startle response

E. Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in Criteria B, C, and D) is more than one month.

F. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Specify if:
Acute: if duration of symptoms is less than 3 months
Chronic: if duration of symptoms is 3 months or more

Specify if:
With Delayed Onset: if onset of symptoms is at least 6 months after the stressor

Likewise, clinicians also should inquire about the presence of panic attacks symptoms.

DSM-IV criteria for panic attacks are as follows

A discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in which four (or more) of the following symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes:

1) palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate
2) sweating
3) trembling or shaking
4) sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
5) feeling of choking
6) chest pain or discomfort
7) nausea or abdominal distress
8) feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint
9) derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself)
10) fear of losing control or going crazy
11) fear of dying
12) paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations)
13) chills or hot flushes

When panic attacks recur and are followed by one month (or more) of one (or more) of the following, the person may be experiencing panic disorder: a) persistent concern about having additional panic attacks, b) worry about the implications of the panic attack or its consequences (e.g., losing control, having a heart attack, "going crazy"), and c) a significant change in behavior related to the attacks. To conclude someone is having panic attacks, one needs to rule out that the symptoms are not due to a general medical condition, the effects of a substance (e.g., drug abuse, medications), or another mental disorder.

Lastly, the clinical should also explore whether the patient is experiencing agoraphobia, which often co-occurs with panic disorder. In agoraphobia, there is anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or in which help may not be available in the event of having an unexpected or situationally predisposed Panic Attack or panic-like symptoms. Agoraphobic fears typically involve characteristic clusters of situations that include being outside the home alone; being in a crowd, or standing in a line; being on a bridge; and travelling in a bus, train, or automobile. The situations are avoided (e.g., travel is restricted) or else are endured with marked distress or with anxiety about having a Panic Attack or panic-like symptoms, or require the presence of a companion. Of course, the anxiety and phobic avoidance cannot be explained by another mental disorder to be diagnosed as agoraphobia.

If symptoms of PTSD, panic disorder, panic attacks, and/or agoraphobia are overlooked/ignored, an overemphasis can be placed on a brain injury diagnosis which may be inaccurate. When this happens, patients can continue to suffer with an anxiety-based condition (i.e., PTSD) that is generally responsive to treatment. In addition, patients may continue to incorrectly believe that symptoms of these anxiety-based disorders are actually brain injury symptoms. The symptoms will likely worsen over time because the anxiety condition remains untreated, whereas TBI symptoms should generally improve over time. This can lead to situations where clinicians misinterpret severe psychiatric symptoms as signs of “severe” brain injury when all objective evidence points to the brain injury as being mild. Of course, mild traumatic brain injury and anxiety-based conditions can co-occur but an early focus should be on identifying and treating anxiety based disorders (and depressive disorders) to improve outcome.

REFERENCES

American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.

Langlois, J.A. (2003). Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Hospital Discharges Results from a 14-State Surveillance System, 1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. June 27, 2003, 52, No. SS-4, 1-20.

Mayou, R. A., et al. (1997). Long term outcome of motor vehicle accident injury. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 365–368.

Mayou, R.A., et al. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents: 3-year follow-up of a prospective longitudinal study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 665–675

 


Dr. Carone Copyright © 2009, MTBIFacts.com.

 

 

Center for Disease Control

Injuries are the leading cause of death in the United States for people ages 1-34. Of all injuries, those to the brain are most likely to result in death or permanent disability. Each year over 50,000 people die as a result of a brain injury and as many as 90,000 others are left with a long-term disability. Most of these brain injuries are preventable. (stats from CDC)
 

Please be reminded that brain injury is real and serious condition.  The causes of brain injury are variable and sometimes help is difficult to find.  Call or email me if you have questions.  702.869.5100  tim@titololawoffice.com.

BIAA Update

The following is a BIAA update:

ECONOMIC STIMULUS PACKAGE APPROVED BY HOUSE

This week the House passed their $819 billion economic stimulus bill, setting the stage for Senate action next week. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi portrayed her chamber's vote as swift and bold action that "honors the promises our new president made from the steps of the Capitol" during his Jan. 20 inauguration. (Congressional Quarterly)

As reported last week, the legislation would provide an additional $87 billion of critical Medicaid funding to states, increasing through the end of FY 2010 the share of Medicaid costs the Federal government reimburses all states by 4.8 percent. This funding is intended to prevent cuts to health benefits in state Medicaid programs at a time when state revenues are declining. BIAA continues to strongly support this increase in federal support for Medicaid, to prevent states from having to cut back on vital Medicaid services that many individuals with brain injury depend on.

The bill would also extend the moratorium, (which BIAA has been strongly supportive of), on harmful Medicaid and Medicare regulations through October 1, 2009. The legislation also adds a moratorium on the Medicaid Outpatient Rule.

APPROPRIATIONS UPDATE

Earlier this week, Minority leader Steny Hoyer announced that the House will take up the Fiscal Year 2009 omnibus appropriations bill next week. We will continue to monitor the situation closely and keep everyone informed as to the content of the bill next week.

As many of you remember, BIAA sent out a Legislative Action Alert in late December, when the House and Senate were conferencing critical sections of this omnibus bill, urging everyone to call their Representatives in Congress to increase TBI funding. Thank you to everyone who took action on this important issue!

GAO REPORT EXAMINES TBI CLAIMS PROGRAM FOR INJURED SERVICEMEMBERS

This week, GAO issued an investigative report regarding the traumatic injury insurance benefit program (TSGLI). The program was created in 2005, to be administered by Veterans Affairs in collaboration with the Department of Defense, to help ease financial burdens on members of the armed services that sustain a brain injury or other serious injuries.

During their investigation, GAO sought out the advice of BIAA in terms of the difficulty in identifying mild brain injury and the variance in the length of time that symptoms present post injury. BIAA also counseled GAO on the difficulty in getting objective data about the severity of brain injuries from a functional standpoint.

In conclusion of their investigation, GAO recommended that both DOD and VA implement a quality assurance review process to help ensure that decisions are accurate and consistent within and across the services and take steps to ensure the data required to assess the approval rate for traumatic brain injury and timeliness of the claims process are reliable and comprehensive.

 

Blast Injury


A commonly held belief is that the pressure alone from an explosive blast injury is sufficient to cause brain injury in human beings. While this would intuitively seem to make sense, what many people do not realize is that there are no published, peer reviewed, prospective research studies with human subjects that have demonstrated this to be the case. The evidence to date is based on a few old single case studies, military documents that were not scientific research studies, and data from animal research.

There is no doubt that explosive blasts are associated with brain injury. However, there are many components to a blast that can cause injury to the body. First, there is the primary pressure wave injury, which is injury caused by the changes in the atmosphere caused by the explosion. The organs that are most vulnerable to this type of injury are those with air-fluid interfaces, such as the lungs, intestines, or inner ear. These tend to be hollow body parts. The most common type of injury from a primary pressure wave explosion is an eardrum rupture.

Then there are secondary blast injuries, in which the force of the explosion causes objects to fly through the air and strike someone. There is no doubt that this can cause a brain injury, since an object can fly through the air at considerable force and cause blunt trauma to the skull and its underlying contents. A tertiary injury is when the force of the explosion causes the person to be thrown into solid object. Clearly, this can also cause brain injury, if the person is thrown forwards with enough force.

One of the problems in stating that primary pressure waves causes brain injury in humans is that it is often impossible to know whether or not someone (such as a soldier) was only exposed to a primary blast injury or whether secondary or tertiary injuries also occurred. As Hurley and colleagues (2006) stated, “A still unresolved controversy is whether primary blast forces directly injure the brain” (p. 143, emphasis added). Similarly, Bochicchio and colleagues (2008) noted “...it is difficult to clearly distinguish between primary versus secondary or tertiary blast injury” (p.270). It is important to emphasize that no one denies this is possible, or even that it is likely, but caution needs to be taken before it is stated as a scientific fact in humans.
 


The word “humans” is emphasized because there is evidence that primary pressure waves alone can cause brain injury in animals. However, generalizing from animal studies to humans is not always possible. To begin with, the brains of mice, which is the animal group most often researched in these types of studies, are extremely small, structurally different, and not at all identical to the brains of humans. Secondly, the animal studies typically involve exposing them to blast forces at the end of a giant shock tube. While this may be something you see in an episode of a Tom and Jerry cartoon, it is not necessarily something that can be generalized to what soldiers experience during war time. To quote Hurley and colleagues, “The vulnerability of the human brain to primary blast injury is controversial and an area of active research” (p. 145).

As the committee of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) reported in December 2008, "There is a paucity of information in the scientific literature regarding the sequelae of blast injury, and there is a need for prospective, longitudinal studies to confirm reports of long-term effects of exposure to blasts." The IOM report was commissioned by the Department of Veterans Affairs and based on an analysis of 1,900 peer-reviewed studies.

MTBIFacts.com fully supports future research in this area but cautions against definitive statements on this topic until such research has been performed, replicated, and accepted by the general scientific community.

REFERENCES

Bochicchio et al. (2008). Blast injury in a civilian trauma setting is associated with a delay in diagnosis of traumatic brain injury. The American Surgeon, 74, 267-270.

Hurley et al. (2006). Blast-related traumatic brain injury: What is known? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 1, 141-145.

Copyright © 2009, MTBIFacts.com.

Dr. Carone offers paid lectures on MTBI, “post concussion syndrome,” and symptom validity testing upon request. He can be contacted at info@mtbifacts.com.

 
 

All Brain Injuries are the Same Myth


 

I have published articles on this topic previously but it is worth reprinting.  This one is by neuropsychologist Dr. Carone.  He  offers paid lectures on MTBI, “post concussion syndrome,” and symptom validity testing upon request. He can be contacted at info@mtbifacts.com.

Another one of the most popular myths perpetuated by some health care providers and some in the media is that mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) can be equated with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. While this is not usually stated in such precise language, the way the topic is discussed often conveys this impression. This occurs when the effects of “brain injury” are discussed with patients or the public. What often happens is that findings from patients with moderate to severe TBIs are misapplied to those with injuries on the mild end of the spectrum. The assumption seems to be that a brain injury is a unitary construct when this is not actually true. As Dr. Michael McCrea (2008) writes in his evidence based text, moderate to severe TBI is a completely different animal than mild TBI. There are many examples, which are nicely summarized in McCrae’s text and the interested reader should read that book for specific references supporting the statements below. Some of these examples are presented and expanded upon below.

1. USEFULNESS OF SEVERITY GRADING TOOLS: In moderate to severe TBI, there are measures available that are useful for grading the severity of the injury whereas the scales on the mild end of the spectrum are not as helpful. The most commonly used severity index is the score on the Glasgow Coma Scale (Teasdale & Jennett, 1974) which assesses level of consciousness. The scale ranges from 3 to 15 points and provides a way to rate patients on their eye movements, motor responses, and verbal responses. The TBI classification scheme based on the GCS is as follows: 13-15 (mild), 9-12 (moderate), and 3-8 (severe). While a significant injury and/or alteration in consciousness is required to obtain a GCS score between 3 and 12, the same cannot be said for the mild end of the TBI severity range. For example, consider a person who merely bumps his head into a wall with a minimal degree of force that was not significant enough to cause a brain injury. Assume, however, that the person develops a headache and is concerned that he has a brain injury, causing him/her to go to the ER. When the person goes to the ER, he/she is physically examined and a GCS score of 15 is assigned because there were no abnormalities with eye movements, motor responses, or verbal responses. According to the criteria above, a GCS score of 15 is equated with a mild TBI. Clearly, however, this example shows a GCS score of 15 does not always equate to brain injury.

2. ACUTE INJURY CHARACTERISTICS: In moderate to severe TBIs, the acute injury characteristics are the strongest predictors of outcome. In mild TBIs, there is only a limited correlation between acute injury characteristics and outcome. For example, in mild TBI, a brief and transient loss of consciousness is not strongly predictive of outcome. Conversely, loss of consciousness in a severe TBI patient, which could last for weeks and beyond, is strongly correlated with outcome. One of the problems is that acute injury characteristics are not as clearly documented in MTBI cases because of a lack of witnesses and the transient nature of the event. For example, a mild TBI patient may lose consciousness for a few minutes but if no one was present to witness this, it cannot be confirmed. Conversely, in a moderate to severe TBI case, LOC usually lasts long enough such that paramedics or some other observer would be able to confirm its presence.

3. CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS: The criteria for diagnosing moderate to severe TBI tends to be more consistent throughout the literature compared to mild TBI. The criteria used to diagnose MTBI are largely based on self-reported subjective symptoms (e.g., altered mental status) without collaborating and/or objective data (e.g., witnesses, neuroimaging findings). In moderate to severe TBI, objective data are often sufficient enough (e.g., diffuse bleeds throughout the brain) such that self-report is not required to make the diagnosis.

4. NEUROIMAGING: In moderate to severe TBI, the results of neuroimaging are critical to deciding how to manage the patient. For example, if a bleed is large enough, this might require neurosurgery to remove pressure on the brain. This sometimes requires repeat brain scans in the acute injury phase to monitor the size and effects of an intracranial lesion (e.g., a brain bleed). In MTBI cases, initial neuroimaging results in the ER do not show abnormalities between 90 to 95% of the cases. Thus, after an initial negative brain CT scan, clinical management of the MTBI patient is often based on subjective symptoms (e.g., headache) rather than objective findings.

5. COURSE: In moderate to severe TBI, the recovery course is well-defined and empirical, with the most drastic improvement occurring in the first six months, additional recovery over the next six months, and slower recovery up to 18 to 24 months. In mild TBI, the course of recovery is clear for the vast majority of people which would suggest that most recover within a week to a few months. However, the course of recovery for those who experience persisting symptoms (more than three months) is less clearly understood.
 


6. OUTCOME: As noted above, outcome is strongly related to acute injury characteristics in moderate to severe TBI cases and it is generally an exception when psychological factors confound outcome (although this certainly can occur). Conversely, in mild traumatic brain injury, outcome is poorly related to acute injury characteristics. Rather, non-injury related factors tend to be the most predictive of outcome. Examples of non-injury factors include litigation/compensation-seeking, psychological distress, pre-injury psychiatric history, post-injury stressors, substance abuse, and various other psychosocial issues.

7. DISABILIY: In moderate to severe TBI, disability (a form of outcome) is more clearly attributed to injury severity, the functional neuroanatomy of the injury, and resulting impairments. In mild TBI, there is a less clear association between the clinical presentation of the patient and the degree to which neurological and psychological factors play a role.

These examples show that one cannot speak of traumatic brain injury as if it has the same meaning across the severity spectrum. The media and health care providers are strongly encouraged to clearly distinguish between mild and moderate to severe brain injuries when discussing this topic with patients and the public.

REFERENCES

McCrea, M. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussion syndrome. The new evidence base for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Oxford University Press.

Teasdale, G, Jennett, B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet, 2:81–84.

 Copyright © 2009, MTBIFacts.com.
 

The Shaking Baby Debate

As I have been focusing on cases of shaken baby syndrome these past weeks, the December issue of Discover magazine publishes an article entitled The Shaken Baby Debate. Author Mark Anderson raises the issue of how the legal system pigeonholes the issue and, at times, wrongfully prosecutes.

“On one side of the courtroom, representing mainstream medical opinion, are those who believe shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is a valid diagnosis…On the other side, a growing number of skeptics are now claiming that the evidence for the syndrome rests on dubious medical ground with questionable biophysical models supporting it…Each side is battling for the high moral ground.”


Just as in other areas of litigation – you can always get what you pay for.
“Money…has brought otherwise good people over to what…colleagues call the ‘dark side,’ doubting SBS.”
 

Eli Newberger, assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, states, “I have never ceased to be amazed about what highly regarded, well published, scientifically informed doctors will do when they’re offered large amounts of money.”


The advocates of diagnosing SBS base their observations of modern scientific diagnostic technology such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The skeptics, conversely, say that innocent families around the world have been left in ruins by prosecutors and child protective agencies who have wrongfully accused parents and child-care workers of child abuse.


My personal thoughts, as always, make room for salient arguments on both extremes. If the system wrongfully prosecutes even one, then the entire system loses credibility for the rest who then fear similar retribution. However, let us never lose sight of what we are potentially doing by ignoring the signs and symptoms of SBS. The condition is serious and must be so regarded.
To read more about the article click here. And always have access to my web site at www.titololawoffice.com.
 

Trial to begin over 2004 RI toddler death

 A trial involving abuse of a toddler is gearing up.  Lets remember that young children's brains are more suseptible to injury.  What is referred to as Shaken Baby Syndrome.  Click here.

 Wikipedia defines Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) as a form of child abuse that occurs when an abuser violently shakes an infant or small child, creating a whiplash-type motion that causes acceleration-deceleration injuries. The injury is estimated to affect between 1,200 and 1,600 children every year in the USA.[1] It is common for there to be no external evidence of trauma.[2] Injuries from impacts with hard objects may accompany SBS; this combination of shaking with striking against a hard object is sometimes termed the shaken impact syndrome or shaken/slam syndrome.

The concept of SBS was initially described in the early 1970s, based on a theory and a wide variety of circumstances by Dr. John Caffey, a radiologist, as well as Dr. Norman Guthkelch, a neurosurgeon.[3][4]

SBS, a major cause of death in infants, is often fatal and can cause severe brain damage, resulting in lifelong disability. Estimated death rates (mortality) among infants with SBS range from 15 to 38%; the median is 20–25%.[2] Up to half of deaths related to child abuse are reportedly due to shaken baby syndrome.[5] Nonfatal consequences of SBS include varying degrees of visual impairment (including blindness), motor impairment (e.g. cerebral palsy) and cognitive impairments.

 

Wisconsin parents win $11.4 million in malpractice suit

Another verdict for a boy suffering brain damage.

A jury has awarded the parents of a brain-damaged boy $11.4 million in a medical malpractice case.

Chad and Amy Jelinek of Eastman claimed in a 2006 lawsuit that negligent care by a nurse and nurse midwife at Gunderson Lutheran Medical Center in La Crosse resulted in brain injuries to their son Laine during his birth in 2005.

A Crawford County jury sided with the Jelineks on Oct. 17 after a three-week trial. The Jelineks' attorney, Jeff Goldberg, says the money is barely compensation but should improve Laine's life.

The hospital issued a statement saying it believes the care was appropriate.

 

U.S. Senate: Questions and answers

Here is something to think about.  "Here are the complete answers to a series of questions placed before U.S. Senate candiates Rep. Tom Udall and Rep. Steve Pearce. Both candidates were asked to give yes or no answers to the following questions with the option of explaining their answers.
 

Should a psychological evaluation be required for veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan?

Pearce: No

Udall: Yes. We should ensure all of our soldiers receive full medical examinations when they return from war, including psychological evaluations. Although not every medical condition can be immediately identified, such examinations help identify the signs of serious injuries to our service members and open the door to needed medical care and treatments. Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan should be evaluated for behavioral health conditions and post-traumatic stress disorder, but prior to that they should be tested for traumatic brain injury. If veterans are treated with pharmaceuticals for PTSD, it could permanently complicate treatment of TBI. Further, we should ensure that there is mandatory health care funding for all veterans so that every man and women who served in uniform receives the care they were promised.

In Congress I co-sponsored several bills to increase funding for veterans with PTSD and TBI and to address some of the core issues that are preventing our veterans from receiving the best care possible when they return home. The Veterans TBI Act of 2007, for example, created a long-term care program for veterans with traumatic brain injury and created a transition office to ensure no veterans slip through the cracks.

 

 

Beating leads to Brain Injury

The Associated Press brought news of the death of an Arkansas news Anchor caused by a beating.  I represent victims of assault and battery.  Defendants and Insurance Companies typically defend cases like this.  I am working on several beating and brain injury cases.

Read the whole article by clicking here.

AIG agrees to $18 million injury settmement

This just in from the Associated Reporter.  This office handles several cases with AIG as the insurer.

American International Group, the insurance giant rescued by $85 billion in federal loans last month, has agreed to an $18 million settlement with the father of a disabled former Raleigh man.

AIG's decision to conclude the settlement with accident victim Mark Pellegrin's father comes after a judge ordered the company to pay $75 million when a subsidiary failed to defend the case in Wake Superior Court.

Such settlements rarely become public, but the details were discussed earlier this month in an open court session before U.S. District Judge Terrence Boyle attended by a reporter for the News & Observer of Raleigh. Lawyers for both sides asked to keep the settlement confidential, but Boyle did not take up their request.

Lawyers also said they were moving to settle quickly because of AIG's financial condition. In September, the Federal Reserve saved the imperiled company with a two-year, $85 billion credit line in return for a 79.9 percent stake in AIG.

The lawsuit settlement appears to be one of the largest in the state's history for a personal injury case, local lawyers said.

"That's huge," said Dan Hartzog, a Raleigh attorney who specializes in civil cases and was not involved in the case. "It would be a big jury verdict, but it's a really big settlement."

In May, state Superior Court Judge Orlando Hudson granted the request by Pellegrin's attorneys to order the company to pay damages of $75 million. No one representing National Union Fire Insurance Co. of Pittsburgh, an AIG subsidiary, showed up for trial to defend the company that owned the pickup truck involved in the incident and the employee who drove it.

National Union then asked that the case be taken up by the federal court. The company also began settlement talks with Pellegrin's attorneys.

One of National Union's attorneys, Jim Exum, told the federal court that the insurance policy had a maximum payout of $21 million.

The lawsuit was filed last year against KCI Technologies and one of its employees, Kelly Joe McKiernan, 29, who maintained the company's cell phone towers. McKiernan said in a deposition that on New Year's Eve 2005, after drinking beer and Jagermeister, he jumped into his company-issued truck. He was ready to leave Pellegrin's apartments after some roughhousing between the two friends left McKiernan upset.

But as McKiernan put the truck in gear, Pellegrin ran in front of the vehicle to try to get him to stop. The truck hit Pellegrin, who suffered severe brain injuries that left him with limited movement and speech.

Pellegrin, 29, is being cared for at his father's home near Houma, La.

Pellegrin's father, Jerry, said he was satisfied with the settlement, which pays $6 million immediately, invests another $6 million for future costs, and pays $6 million to Pellegrin's attorneys, who took the case on a contingency basis.

Boyle accepted the settlement but postponed judgment on the attorneys fees.
 

Quality of Life article

The International Brain Injury Association published an article entitled Overcoming Anomy: The Impact of Positive Rituals on Quality of Life issue 3 2008. 

Thomas E. Pomeranz, Ed.D., President, Universal LifeStiles, LLC, Research and Policy Fellow Minot State University, has this to say:

Quality of life can be elusive and complicated for all individuals and can be dramatically so for people with traumatic brain injury who are globally challenged. Physical prowess, cognitive functioning, family, friends, sexuality, employment and hope are among the markers of a quality of life that may be jeopardized or lost for many with TBI. These losses and/or perceived losses combined with a lowered threshold for mediating one’s emotional state, commonly give rise to demonstrations of anger and hostility. This article is intended to provide the reader with an alternative therapeutic strategy to address these behaviors which interfere with a quality of life. If my life has no meaning or value, then I will behave in a way to cause your life to be void of meaning and value as well. When this statement was first shared with me I was struck by its profound implication relative to a variety of quality of life issues affecting many people with TBI. It was immediately evident that for a significant percentage of people with TBI, especially those requiring pervasive supports, that their life lacks meaning – diminished of value.

Read the full article by clicking Overcoming Anomy: The Impact of Positive Rituals on Quality of Life.
 

Homeless and Brain Injury

Have you ever driven by the tent of cardboard boxes under the freeway and wondered why the people that live there don't get out and get a job or help themselves out of the dilemma?

A recent article points out that many homeless people suffer brain injury and are stuck in the very predicament they are in due to it.

More than one in three of Toronto's homeless suffered a traumatic brain injury prior to ending up on the streets, a new study indicates, suggesting that mental health is linked to homelessness.

Read the entire article by clicking here.

Youth Sports and Concussion Information

Please Click here to link to an interesting resource on Concussions related to Youth Sports.  Now that school is back in full swing it would be wise to refamiliarize with the issues applicable to our kids.

DoD Gets 35M to Study "Mild" Traumatic Brain Injury

The Department of Defense awards $35M to study Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.  Of the 1.5 million people who suffer brain injury each year, roughly 75% are classified as "Mild" and have longterm and permanent impairments and disabilities.

A consortium of physicians and scientists in the Houston region is now undertaking a research initiative to improve diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and develop innovative treatment strategies.

The Department of Defense Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury Research Program of the Office of Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs recently awarded the Mission Connect Mild TBI Translational Research Consortium a grant totaling approximately $35 million to support the five-year research program. The consortium includes research teams from The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), Baylor College of Medicine, Rice University and the Transitional Learning Center in Galveston. The work will be done within the existing framework of Mission Connect, a consortium established by the TIRR Foundation in 1997 to facilitate collaborative research to improve outcomes for patients with brain and spinal cord injuries and neurological disorders.
 

To read the entire article click here.

What do you know about the Brain?

What do you really know about the human brain? That's the question that The Human Brain Web site asks. This site from the Franklin Institute contains "the fruit of decades of research."

In addition to participating in what the site describes as today's neuroscience renaissance, teachers, students and others interested in learning more about the care and feeding of the human brain will find this an interesting place to visit. Information on nourishing the brain features the "Brain Food Pyramid" diet and menu. Also included is information on protecting the brain and on the importance of exercise, sleep and stress relief in renewing the brain.
 

Click here to visit www.fi.edu/brain.

You do not have to Suffer from all Symptoms

Many times I am confronted by defenses amounting to genuine brain injury must impact all areas of impairments.  Not true.

In this article you can read about a man who was t-boned at 55 mph 8 years ago.  He describes his memory impairment. "It's like a file cabinet where all the files have been moved and overturned and moved around so I can't get to them."

"It's real bad, it upsets me too, big time, because just the knowledge that all the information that I've ever learned in my life is up here but I can't get to it."

Contrary to the notion that having a brain injury impacts each and every area of brain function and if it does not it must be something else, brain injury impacts individual brains in unique ways.  Just as all brains are unique to the individual, similar impacts have different consequences on differenct people.

 

Read the entire article by clicking here.

You do not have to Suffer from all Symptoms

Many times I am confronted by defenses amounting to genuine brain injury must impact all areas of impairments.  Not true.

In this article you can read about a man who was t-boned at 55 mph 8 years ago.  He describes his memory impairment. "It's like a file cabinet where all the files have been moved and overturned and moved around so I can't get to them."

"It's real bad, it upsets me too, big time, because just the knowledge that all the information that I've ever learned in my life is up here but I can't get to it."

Contrary to the notion that having a brain injury impacts each and every area of brain function and if it does not it must be something else, brain injury impacts individual brains in unique ways.  Just as all brains are unique to the individual, similar impacts have different consequences on differenct people.

Read the entire article by clicking here.

 

Tattoos and Anti Social Personality Disorder

Dr. Cardasis is a forensic psychiatrist; as opposed to a clinician.  He concludes that a person's tattoos makes it more likely than not the person has anti social personality disorder.  This is a rather general conclusion and my point in blogging this message is to illustrate how behavior can be interpreted and based on studies like this.  In terms of litigation of brain injury cases we may have to deal with potentially false conclusions about ourselves made by forensic experts who make a living testifying in court.

Dr. William Cardasis has worked at the Michigan Center For Forensic Psychiatry since 1996, where he is currently Director of the Male Admissions Unit, and in private practice of forensic psychiatry since 1997. He is a Distinguished Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, a Fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, and a member of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, and has rendered over one hundred court testimonies as an expert witness in forensic psychiatry.  

The presence of tattoos on forensic psychiatric inpatients should alert clinicians to a possible diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), and also about the potential for histories of suicide attempt, substance abuse, and sexual abuse, according to research published today in Personality and Mental Health.

ASPD is a mental disorder characterised by several psychological and behavioural phenomena, including a lack of empathy and remorse, a low tolerance for anxiety, and shallowness. People with ASPD prefer action to thought, and pathological lying, cheating, stealing, physical aggression and drug abuse are not uncommon. To be diagnosed with ASPD, the individual must have developed this behaviour before the age of 15, and as such is qualitatively different from the idea of a scheming, dishonest business person or politician, unless the behaviour began earlier in life.

Cardasis W., Huth-Bocks A. and Silk K.; Tattoos and Antisocial Personality Disorder Personality and Mental Health 2008: Volume 2, Issue 3, 171-182. DOI: 10.1002/pmh.43

Sick Truckers Cause Unprecedented Injuries

Truck drivers with medical conditions are found to be a major cause of traumatic brain injuries. 

To see a short infomative video click here.

The AP had this to say:

Deadly Tolls: Sick truckers causing fatal wrecks

By HOPE YEN and FRANK BASS
Associated Press Writers

AP Photo/BILL HABER

WASHINGTON (AP) -- Tractor-trailer and bus drivers in the United States have suffered seizures, heart attacks or unconscious spells behind the wheel that led to deadly crashes on highways. Hundreds of thousands of drivers carry commercial licenses even though they also qualify for full federal disability payments, according to a new U.S. safety study obtained by The Associated Press.

The problems threatening highway travelers persist despite years of government warnings and hundreds of deaths and injuries blamed on commercial truck and bus drivers who blacked out, collapsed or suffered major health problems behind the wheels of vehicles that can weigh 40 tons or more.

The U.S. agency responsible for cracking down on unfit truckers, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, acknowledges it hasn't completed any of eight recommendations that U.S. safety regulators have proposed since 2001. One would set minimum standards for officials who determine whether truckers are medically safe to drive. Another would prevent truckers from "doctor shopping" to find a physician who might overlook a risky health condition. It's unclear whether any of the eight recommendations will be done before President Bush leaves office.

"We have a major public safety problem, and we haven't corrected it," said Gerald Donaldson, senior research director at the Washington-based Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety, whose members include consumer, health and safety groups and insurance companies. "You have an agency that is favorably disposed to maintaining the integrity of the industry's economic situation."

Truckers violating federal medical rules have been caught in every state, according to a review by the AP of 7.3 million commercial driver violations compiled by the Transportation Department in 2006, the latest data available. Texas, Maryland, Georgia, Florida, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Alabama, New Jersey, Minnesota and Ohio were states where drivers were sanctioned most frequently for breaking medical rules, such as failing to carry a valid medical certificate. Those 12 states accounted for half of all such violations in the United States.

Consider these cases:

-A Florida bus driver who suffers from lung disease and uses three daily inhalers to control breathing told congressional investigators that he "occasionally blacks out and forgets things." He works as a substitute driver despite not having a medical certificate, and his commercial license expires in 2010. The driver, who was not identified but will figure prominently in a congressional hearing this week, has collected Social Security benefits since 1994. He confided to investigators that he "gets winded" walking to his mailbox but has no problem driving a passenger bus.

-A Virginia trucker with a prosthetic leg from a farm accident more than 10 years ago is permitted to drive tanker trucks until at least 2012, even though he doesn't have the proper federal paperwork required for amputees. Virginia revoked the medical license for the official who approved him to drive over charges the official was caught illegally distributing controlled substances.

-George Albright Jr., 61, smashed his 70,000-pound tractor-trailer into congested traffic on Interstate 70 in June 2006, killing four women in a Ford sedan about 30 miles east of Columbia, Mo. Albright's employer agreed earlier this year to pay $18 million in a settlement. A Missouri jury acquitted Albright this month on four counts of second-degree involuntary manslaughter, after his lawyers argued in court that a diabetic episode "put him in an altered state of consciousness." Albright wasn't injured.

-A gasoline tanker plunged from an overpass and exploded in flames on Interstate 95 near Baltimore in January 2004, killing four people. Witnesses reported the driver slumped over the wheel. Maryland investigators concluded the driver, Jackie M. Frost, had suffered a heart attack or other medical emergency, but his family disputed that.

-The driver of a 15-passenger "Tippy Toes" day-care bus traveling 63 mph on Interstate 240 in Memphis, Tenn., in April 2002 crashed into a bridge, killing the driver and four of the six children aboard. The National Transportation Safety Board said the driver, Wesley B. Hudson, 27, fell asleep, "quite likely due to an undiagnosed sleep disorder." Investigators said children sometimes had to wake up Hudson, whom the NTSB described as obese and a marijuana user.

-A 55-passenger bus rolled off Interstate 610 in New Orleans in May 1999, killing 22 passengers. The NTSB said the bus driver, Frank Bedell, 46, suffered life-threatening kidney and heart conditions but held a valid license and medical certificate. Moments before the crash, a passenger recounted seeing the driver slumped in his seat. Bedell died three months later of an apparent heart-related illness. Investigators said he was treated at least 20 times in the 21 months before the accident for various ailments.

Some truckers said the government should enforce existing rules, not make new ones.

"Do you enjoy your clothing and house? Without the truck driver you would have none of it," said Gary Hull, 52, a trucker for a Louisiana company, as he drove from Edinburg, Texas, to Mansfield, La. "Our economy is based on the truck. People don't understand the ramifications of making it more restrictive for truck drivers to drive."

Hull said most drivers are hard workers who earn a modest salary and cope with rising diesel prices. New regulations could add to costs and force truckers to evade the rules, he said.

"There are enough government regulations as it is," agreed Ken Cornell, interviewed at a truck stop. "The medical profession should be able to take care of it. If they have a condition where they shouldn't be driving, they should be able to catch them."

The Transportation Department said 5,300 people died in crashes involving large commercial trucks or buses in 2006, the latest year for which figures are available, and about 126,000 more were injured. A federal safety study last summer found that cases where drivers fell asleep, suffered heart attacks or seizures or otherwise were physically impaired were a leading cause of serious crashes involving large trucks. But those cases included healthy drivers who fell asleep.

"The problem is major," said Dr. Kurt Hegmann, chairman of the federal motor carrier administration's medical oversight board, which is urging more doctor visits in many cases for truckers with serious medical conditions. "It's one of the biggest causes of occupational death in the United States today."

Congress may take action soon. The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, led by Rep. James Oberstar, D-Minn., will conduct oversight hearings Thursday. One proposal would create a clearinghouse for drug test results for commercial truck drivers to make it easier for employers to conduct checks. Oberstar's committee asked the Government Accountability Office to investigate unfit truck drivers.

The 30-page GAO study, obtained by the AP in advance of its release later this week, said 563,000 commercial drivers were determined by the Veterans Affairs Department, Labor Department or Social Security Administration to also be eligible for full disability benefits over health issues. It said disability doesn't necessarily mean a driver is unfit to operate a commercial vehicle, but its investigators found alarming examples that raised doubts about the safety of the nation's highways. They identified more than 1,000 drivers with vision, hearing or seizure disorders, which generally would prohibit a trucker from obtaining a valid commercial license.

The chief safety officer for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Rose McMurray, acknowledged problems that could lead to unfit truck drivers on the roads. She blamed delays in reforms on a lack of federal money and difficulty coordinating with 50 states. McMurray said changes to strengthen the medical oversight program may not be done for months or even years.

"We have done a lot to recognize the deficiencies in our medical oversight program, and the building blocks we're establishing are very smart and very strong," McMurray said.

Families of crash victims said stronger safety rules can't happen soon enough.

William Hieronymus II of Salina, Kan., said he remembers eating cereal each morning with his 10-month-old son. His son William and wife, Amanda, died in May 2005 when a truck crossed a median and struck their SUV.

The driver, Scott A. Wegrzyn, pleaded guilty to two counts of vehicular homicide. Prosecutors said Wegrzyn knew he suffered from sleep apnea and went to a second doctor without disclosing the condition to obtain the medical certification he needed to drive.

"I try to go through a day without crying," Hieronymus said during Wegrzyn's trial. "I wonder every day what (Will) would have grown up to be, what he would have stood for." 


 

Discover the Jimi Hendrix Experience

I read an article in the August edition of Discover Magazine entitled, The Brain. In it, author, Carl Zimmer, asserts that “It’s possible that we reverse time in our memories in order to focus our brains on goals.”

“Staring at an angry face for five seconds feels longer than staring at a neutral one.”

Zimmer postulates, based on scientific studies, that “Keeping track of time is essential for perceiving what’s happening around us and responding to it.” In order to hear where a voice is coming from we unconsciously register how long the sound takes to reach both ears.

“It’s just a brief pause that makes the difference between ‘Excuse me while I kiss the sky’ and ‘Excuse me while I kiss this guy.’


Soy May Cause Memory Loss

People who eat high levels of some soy products, including tofu and other so-called superfoods, may be at an increased risk of memory loss.

Loughborough and Oxford scientists, funded by the Alzheimer's Research Trust, worked with Indonesian colleagues to investigate the effects of high soy consumption in 719 elderly Indonesians living in urban and rural regions of Java.

The researchers' findings, to be published in Dementias and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders later this month, include evidence that a high consumption of tofu is associated with worse memory.

Women more likely than Men to suffer Dementia

A recent study appears in the July 2 online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.

Research has shown that dementia prevalence for both men and women increases from age 65 to 85. The frequency of dementia increases with age from less than 2 percent for the 65-69-year-olds, to 5 percent for the 75-79-year-olds and to more than 20 percent for the 85-89 year olds.

Women over 90 are significantly more likely to have dementia than men of the same age, according UC Irvine researchers involved with the 90+ Study, one of the nation's largest studies of dementia and other health factors in the fastest-growing age demographic.

 

Doctors Say Medication Is Overused in Dementia

The New York Times today reports that dementia drugs are being overused in the United States.  Read the full article by clicking here.

New brain map technology set to revolutionise disease diagnoses

Led by A/Prof Gary Egan, the Neuroimaging group at the Howard Florey Institute said that his group was using one of the most powerful Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners in the world - an ultra-high field 7 Tesla - to help develop the new brain mapping technology.

In a ground-breaking move, researchers at the Howard Florey Institute in Melbourne are developing a new technology to create individualised brain maps that will change the way disease is diagnosed, and will also enhance the accuracy of brain surgery.

Right now, researchers and neurosurgeons use coarse maps of the brain's structure that are based on a small number of individuals' brains after death. But these maps fail to show differences that can occur between people's brains.

This new brain mapping technology will be created by developing acquisition and analysis processes and software that will offer microscopic level investigation of individual brains.

In this project, Florey researchers are contributing neuroscience, engineering and mathematical expertise, while collaborators from the Neuroscience Research Institute in South Korea are providing the equipment.

The researchers are hoping that this technology will become widely available in the next two to three years.

Led by A/Prof Gary Egan, the Neuroimaging group at the Howard Florey

Read more click here.

Too Much Alcohol can Cause Permanent Brain Damage

You might not just realize this while downing a mug of chilled beer on a summer afternoon, but a new study has revealed that too much alcohol can cause permanent damage to brain.

The study has shown that too much alcohol can also cause brain injury and degeneration by inhibiting insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

Insulin is not just for diabetes anymore.  New evidence reveals it is vital to normal brain function and alchohol inhibits it.

With the help of postmortem human brain tissue, researchers showed that chronic alcohol abuse can decrease levels of genes needed for brain cells to respond to insulin/IGF, leading to neurodegeneration similar to that caused by Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

"Insulin is one of the most important hormones in the body," said Suzanne de la Monte, professor of pathology/ neuropathology and clinical neuroscience at Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University.

Brain Expert Sees Progress

I have read many articles and book chapters authored by Dr. Erin Bigler.  Dr. Bigler is a neuropsyhologist in Utah.  Dr. Bigler has assisted me in understanding neuroimaging along with neuropsychological issues of many of my clients.

Dr, Bigler was featured in a recent article in the Honolulu Star:

Technology to diagnose brain injuries has improved tremendously over 30 years, says Dr. Erin Bigler, noted clinical neurophysiologist.

"But the problem is we haven't made tremendous gains in how to treat these people," he added in an interview. "The brain is very complicated."

Bigler is a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Brigham Young University, adjunct professor of psychiatry at the University of Utah School of Medicine and faculty member of the Utah Brain Institute.

He is an author and researcher who is sharing his expertise with Hawaii psychologists and physicians as the Morita Distinguished Fellow for 2008 at the Rehabilitation Hospital of the Pacific.

He is also giving a class for psychology and neuropsychology fellows at Tripler Army Medical Center and a new neuroscience class at Brigham Young-Hawaii.

Bigler was at the Barrow Neurological Institute at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix in 1975 when it was one of the first places to get computerized tomography.

"The first time I saw a CT scanner, it was like, 'Wow!'" he said. "It was very primitive, but we were now actually looking at brain tissue, not just a silhouette of the internal cavity."

Now, with improved CTs and magnetic resonance imaging, he said, "What we view today is exactly what you would see if you had an anatomic specimen."

This 3-D image shows a corpus callosum, which connects two halves of the brain. The different colors show the direction of major fiber tracks.


While the new imaging tools allow physicians to better diagnose problems in the brain, he said, "we're still in infancy in how to treat these. That's the focus that is so important right now.

"Brain tissue doesn't regenerate," he explained. "Therefore you have to deal with pathways that survive and how to re-engage those pathways. That is the goal of rehabilitation when the brain is injured."

The brain is well designed to withstand minor problems, Bigler said. "It recovers from a fall and a blow quite well. But it's a new era we're in. The brain isn't designed to withstand high-velocity impact," he said, such as from motor accidents, sports and military combat.

Gladiators were not at risk for traumatic brain injuries as much as National Football League players, he said.

An estimated 40,000 head injuries have occurred in Afghanistan and Iraq, Bigler said, noting former ABC World News co-anchor Bob Woodruff's recovery from traumatic brain injury in Iraq was "unbelievable." He said Woodruff's case shows much more could be done to treat brain injuries "if we had unlimited resources."

"Traumatic brain injury is a huge issue," he said. Many people in the past discounted effects of a mild head injury or concussion, thinking it could not have significant consequences, he said.

Most people do recover from a mild concussion, Bigler said, explaining he was knocked out playing football when he was a high school senior. He spent the night in the hospital but played the game the next weekend and went on to graduate, he said.

But more than 1 million to 1.5 million Americans have concussions, and 5 percent to 10 percent "don't have a good outcome," he said.

He said the key to knowing how to treat a brain disorder is to first understand the pathology, which is what he has been focusing on.

"When we started doing three-dimensional work with the brain ... it took us over six years to analyze the data because all of it had to be done by hand," he said. With automation, he said, his lab and others "can do in minutes to hours what would literally take us months to years to do a few years ago."

"We're looking to centers like REHAB to take the information and hopefully use it to guide therapies, to understand the brain better.

"With newer imaging techniques," Bigler said, "we may be able to target specific areas and tell how functional that area is, and there may be ways to engage that brain region" with medications, cell regeneration, cell growth stimulation, reconnections or repairing neurons.

The Morita Distinguished Fellow Program was established in 2003 in memory of SONY founder Akio Morita and his wife, Yoshiko. Morita received treatment at REHAB Hospital and became one of its major supporters.

Credit: By Helen Altonn haltonn@starbulletin.com

Looking Scared!

Dr Joshua M Susskind and colleagues from the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto in Canada carried out this research, supported by a Canada Research Chairs program and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council grant. It was published in the peer-reviewed science journal Nature Neuroscience.

"Fearful faces 'spot threats better'" is the headline on Channel 4 News. The Observer also reported on the same study at the weekend, claiming that a team of Canadian neuroscientists had solved the evolutionary mystery of why our faces contort in a certain way when we are scared.

The researchers found that when a group of students were told to make their eyes bulge or nostrils flare to mimic the facial expressions of fear, their ability to sense danger improved more than when they mimicked the face of disgust. This, the researchers say, supports Darwin's 1872 idea that facial expressions of emotion are often remarkably similar across human cultures, and even the animal kingdom, implying they may have a common evolutionary benefit. The researchers say that their experiment shows how a fearful expression is a protective one rather than a social one because it increases the range of vision, speeds up eye movement and improves airflow through the nose.

It is not clear how the facial expressions of fear or disgust might affect the selection processes that form the basis of evolutionary theory. However, the results of this testing demonstrate a plausible sequence of events for how selection might occur.

Advances in Alzheimer's Cure

Neuroscientist Dr Elizabeth Coulson's research was recently published in the Journal of Neuroscience.

Queensland Brain Institute (QBI) neuroscientists at UQ have discovered a new way to reduce neuronal loss in the brain of a person with Alzheimer's disease.

Memory loss in people with Alzheimer's disease can be attributed to several factors.
To read more click here.

Neurogenesis

Italian Scientists in Turin have discovered evidence of neurogenesis, the creation of new neurons, in the cerebellum of rabbits.

These findings  mean stimulating the growth of the new neurons might be of greater value for the repair of injured brain tissue than stem cells.

The researchers said they are also considering the hypothesis that the neurogenesis they discovered in rabbits might well be related to the rabbits' relatively longer lifespan, compared with the lifespan of rodents, their close relatives. This authors say that hypothesis could create new areas of research concerning neurogenesis in the human brain.

Progesterone in Traumatic Brain Injury

Progesterone in traumatic brain injury: time to move on to phase III trials.

Crit Care. 2008 May 29;12(3):153 published an article by  Vandromme M, Melton SM, Kerby JD.  The following is the abstract. 

ABSTRACT: There are several candidate neuroprotective agents that have been shown in preclinical testing to improve outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Xiao and colleagues have performed an in hospital, double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial utilizing progesterone in the treatment of patients sustaining TBI evaluating safety and long term clinical outcomes. These data, combined with the results of the previously published ProTECT trial, show progesterone to be safe and potentially efficacious in the treatment of TBI. Larger phase III trials will be necessary to verify results prior to clinical implementation. Clinical trials networks devoted to the study of TBI are vital to the timely clinical testing of these candidate agents and need to be supported.

Brain Damage

Brain damage may occur due to a wide range of conditions, illnesses, injuries, and as a result of iatrogenesis. Possible causes of widespread (diffuse) brain damage include prolonged hypoxia (shortage of oxygen), poisoning by teratogens (including alcohol), infection, and neurological illness. Chemotherapy can cause brain damage to the neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte cells that produce myelin. Common causes of focal or localized brain damage are physical trauma (traumatic brain injury), stroke, aneurysm, surgery, or neurological illness.

The extent and effect of brain injury is often assessed by the use of neurological examination, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological assessment.

Brain injury does not necessarily result in long-term impairment or disability, although the location and extent of damage both have a significant effect on the likely outcome. In serious cases of brain injury, the result can be permanent disability, including neurocognitive deficits, delusions (often specifically monothematic delusions), speech or movement problems, and mental handicap. There may also be personality changes. Severe brain damage may result in persistent vegetative state, coma, or death.

Various professions may be involved in the medical care and rehabilitation of someone who suffers impairment after brain damage. Neurologists, neurosurgeons, and physiatrists are physicians who specialise in treating brain injury. Neuropsychologists (especially clinical neuropsychologists) are psychologists who specialise in understanding the effects of brain injury and may be involved in assessing the extent of brain damage or creating rehabilitation programmes. Occupational therapists may be involved in running rehabilitation programs to help restore lost function or help re-learn essential skills.

It is a common misconception that brain damage sustained during childhood has a better chance of successful recovery than similar injury acquired in adult life. It is contested that in recent studies, severe brain damage inflicted upon children can be alleviated by the interaction of nicotinamide repropagation in nerve cells. In fact, the consequences of childhood injury may simply be more difficult to detect in the short term. This is because different cortical areas mature at different stages, with some major cell populations and their corresponding cognitive faculties remaining unrefined until early adulthood. In the case of a child with frontal brain injury, for example, the impact of the damage may be undetectable until that child fails to develop normal executive functions in his or her late teens and early twenties.

The effects of impairment or disability resulting from brain injury may be treated by a number of methods, including medication, psychotherapy, neuropsychological rehabilitation, snoezelen, surgery, or physical implants such as deep brain stimulation.

Green Tea helps Sleep Apnea


Green tea may shield brain from sleep apnea effects, says Amy Norton in Reuters Health -

 Compounds found in green tea may help ward off the neurological damage that can come with the breathing disorder sleep apnea, a new animal study hints.

Researchers found that when they added green tea antioxidants to rats' drinking water, it appeared to protect the animals' brains during bouts of oxygen deprivation designed to mimic the effects of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

The findings suggest that green tea compounds should be further studied as a potential OSA therapy, the researchers report in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

OSA is a common disorder in which soft tissues in the throat temporarily collapse and block the airway during sleep, causing repeated stops and starts in breathing throughout the night.

The immediate symptoms include chronic loud snoring and gasping, as well as daytime sleepiness. Left untreated, OSA can eventually have widespread effects in the body; it's linked to high blood pressure, and research suggests that the intermittent dips in oxygen to the brain may lead to memory and learning difficulties.

In the new study, Dr. David Gozal and colleagues at the University of Louisville School of Medicine in Kentucky looked at whether green tea compounds called catechin polyphenols could help shield the brain from this oxygen deprivation.

Catechin polyphenols act as antioxidants, which means they help neutralize cell-damaging particles called oxygen free radicals. Free radicals are normal byproducts of metabolism, but in excess they lead to a state known as oxidative stress.

It's thought that the oxygen deprivation of OSA leads to oxidative stress, and that this, at least in part, explains the cognitive problems seen in some people with the sleep disorder.

Gozal and his colleagues found that when rats were exposed to periodic bouts of oxygen deprivation over 14 days, it did boost signs of oxidative stress in the brain. This didn't happen, however, if rats had been given water containing green tea polyphenols.

What's more, compared with rats given plain water, these animals performed better on a standard test of learning and memory -- a water "maze" designed to encourage the animals to remember the location of an escape platform.

In theory, Gozal told Reuters Health, a regular cup of green tea could be beneficial, used alongside standard OSA treatment.

"However," he said, "definitive proof that green tea would help will have to await a trial in human patients."

SOURCE: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, May 15, 2008

New Drug for Migraine

If you're one of the nearly 30 million Americans* who suffers from migraine headaches, you now have a new way to fight them. This month, a new drug is expected to land in pharmacies that combines two existing migraine drugs.

Find out more here.

Obesity and Undereating contribute to Alzheimers

A compilation of studies reveal that overeating and undereating can contribute to onset of Alzheimers.  These findings as a risk factor may be important to lifestyle changes and propensities.

 

Read the full article here.

Medical Screening and MRI

In a medical era governed by managed health care and scientific advances, physicians have increasingly emphasized disease prevention and early diagnosis. Such a strategy both reduces costs, as it is generally much more cost-effective to prevent a disease than it is to treat its manifestations, and increases treatment efficacy, as most diseases are more easily cured or ameliorated earlier in their progression.

The premise is doing MRI scans BEFORE symptoms arise.  MRI is being offered to the public for as low as $200.

The pros and cons are discussed in an article entitled Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans for Asymptomatic Patients: Role in Medical Screening.

Psychology

Title: psychology

Date: 4/24/2008; Publication: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition;


psychology science or study of the thought processes and behavior of humans and other animals in their interaction with the environment. Psychologists study processes of sense perception , thinking, learning , cognition, emotions and motivations , personality , abnormal behavior, interactions between individuals, and interactions with the environment. The field is closely allied with such disciplines as anthropology and sociology in its concerns with social and environmental influences on behavior; physics in its treatment of vision, hearing, and touch; and biology in the study of the physiological basis of behavior. In its earliest speculative period, psychological study was chiefly embodied in philosophical and theological discussions of the soul.

Development of Modern Psychology

The De anima of Aristotle is considered the first monument of psychology as such, centered around the belief that the heart was the basis for mental activity. The foundations of modern psychology were laid by 17th-century philosopher Thomas Hobbes , who argued that scientific causes could be established for every sort of phenomenon through deductive reasoning. The mind-body theories of Rene Descartes , Baruch Spinoza , and G. W. Leibniz were equally crucial in the development of modern psychology, where the human mind's relation to the body and its actions have been significant topics of debate.

In England the empirical method employed in modern psychological study originated in the work of John Locke , George Berkeley , Thomas Reid , and David Hume . David Hartley , James Mill , John Stuart Mill , and Alexander Bain stressed the relation of physiology to psychology, an important development in the scientific techniques of modern psychology. Important contributions were made in the physiological understanding of human psychology by French philosopher Condillac , F. J. Gall , the German founder of phrenology, and French surgeon Paul Broca , who localized speech centers in the brain.

In the 19th cent., the laboratory work of Ernst Heinrich Weber , Gustave Fechner , Wilhelm Wundt , Hermann von Helmholtz , and Edward Titchener helped to establish psychology as a scientific discipline—both through the use of the scientific method of research, and in the belief that mental processes could be quantified with careful research techniques. The principle of evolution, stemming from Charles Darwin 's theory of natural selection, gave rise to what became known as dynamic psychology. The new approach, presented by American psychologist William James in his Principles of Psychology (1890), looked at consciousness as an evolutionary process.

Out of the new orientation in psychology grew the clinical experiments in hysteria and hypnotism carried on by J. M. Charcot and Pierre Janet in France. Sigmund Freud , in his influential theory of the unconscious, gave a new direction to psychology and laid the groundwork for the psychoanalytic model. Freudian theory took psychology into such fields as education, anthropology, and medicine, and Freudian research methods became the foundations of clinical psychology.

The behaviorism of American psychologist John B. Watson was highly influential in the 1920s and 30s, with its suggestion that psychology should concern itself solely with sensory stimuli and behavioral reaction. Behaviorism has been important in modern psychology, particularly through the work of B. F. Skinner since the 1930s.

Equally important was the development of Gestalt psychology by German psychologists Kurt Koffka , Wolfgang Köhler , and Max Wertheimer . Gestalt theory contended that the task of psychology was to study human thought and behavior as a whole, rather than breaking it down into isolated instances of stimulus and response.

Another influential school of psychology was developed in the 1950s and 60s by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers . Their humanistic theory asserts that people make rational, conscious decisions regarding their lives, and optimistically suggests that individuals tend to reach toward their greatest potential.

Modern Psychology

Modern psychology is divided into several subdisciplines, each based on differing models of behavior and mental processes. Psychologists work in a number of different settings, including universities and colleges, primary and secondary schools, government agencies, private industry, hospitals, clinics, and private practices. Recent years have seen a rise in the significance of applied psychology—as can be seen from the areas contemporary psychologists concern themselves with—with an attendant decline in the importance of psychology in academia. In the United States, clinical psychology has become a significant focus of the discipline, largely separate from psychological research. Clinical psychologists are responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of various psychological problems.

Biological models of behavior have become increasingly prominent in psychological theory, particularly with the development of various tools—such as the positron emission tomography (PET) scan—for mapping the brain. The field of neuropsychology, which studies the brain and the connected nervous system, has been an outgrowth of this contemporary focus on biological explanations of human thought and behavior. Cognitive models, derived from the Gestalt school of psychology, focus on the various thinking processes which mediate between stimuli and responses.

Educational psychology, derived from the 18th and 19th cent. educational reforms of Friedrich W. Froebel , Johann Pestalozzi , and their follower Johann Herbart , was later expanded by G. Stanley Hall and by E. L. Thorndike . It is concerned with the development of improved methods of teaching and learning.

Social psychology, developed by British psychologists William McDougall and Havelock Ellis , studies the effects of various social environments on the individual. Some other branches of the field include developmental psychology, which studies the changes in thought and behavior through the course of life; experimental psychology, which is the laboratory research involved in the understanding of the mind; and personality psychology, which deals specifically with individual personality and the processes by which it is formed.

In recent years a number of new fields of psychology have emerged. Industrial/organizational psychology, emerging from social psychology, focuses on the workplace and considers such topics as job satisfaction, leadership, and productivity. Health psychology examines how psychological factors contribute to pathology, and demonstrates how psychology can contribute to recovery and illness prevention for such somatic disorders as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. In environmental psychology, research focuses on how individuals react to their physical environments, and suggests improvements which may be beneficial to psychological health. Other new areas of psychology include counseling psychology, school psychology, forensic psychology, and community psychology.

Bibliography

See R. Fancher, Pioneers in Psychology (1979); D. Robinson, An Intellectual History of Modern Psychology (1986); E. Hilgard, Psychology in America (1987); M. Ash and W. Woodward, Psychology in 20th Century Thought and Society (1989); R. B. Evans, V. S. Sexton, and T. C. Cadwallader, ed., The American Psychological Association (1992).

Author not available, PSYCHOLOGY., The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press

New Brain Definition

brain the supervisory center of the nervous system in all vertebrates. It also serves as the site of emotions, memory, self-awareness, and thought.

Anatomy and Function

Occupying the skull cavity (cranium), the adult human brain normally weighs from 2 1/4 to 3 1/4 lb (1-1.5 kg). Differences in weight and size do not correlate with differences in mental ability; an elephant's brain weighs more than four times that of a human. In invertebrates a group of ganglia or even a single ganglion may serve as a rudimentary brain.

By means of electrochemical impulses the brain directly controls conscious or voluntary behavior, such as walking and thinking. It also monitors, through feedback circuitry, most involuntary behavior—connections with the autonomic nervous system enable the brain to adjust heartbeat, blood pressure, fluid balance, posture, and other functions—and influences automatic activities of the internal organs. There are no pain receptors in brain tissue. A headache is felt because of sensory impulses coming chiefly from the meninges or scalp.

Anatomically the brain has three major parts, the hindbrain (including the cerebellum and the brain stem ), the midbrain, and the forebrain (including the diencephalon and the cerebrum). Every brain area has an associated function, although many functions may involve a number of different areas. The cerebellum coordinates muscular movements and, along with the midbrain, monitors posture. The brain stem, which incorporates the medulla and the pons, monitors involuntary activities such as breathing and vomiting.

The thalamus , which forms the major part of the diencephalon, receives incoming sensory impulses and routes them to the appropriate higher centers. The hypothalamus , occupying the rest of the diencephalon, regulates heartbeat, body temperature, and fluid balance. Above the thalamus extends the corpus callosum, a neuron-rich membrane connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

The cerebrum, occupying the topmost portion of the skull, is by far the largest sector of the brain. Split vertically into left and right hemispheres, it appears deeply fissured and grooved. Its upper surface, the cerebral cortex, contains most of the master controls of the body. In the cortex ultimate analysis of sensory data occurs, and motor impulses originate that initiate, reinforce, or inhibit the entire spectrum of muscle and gland activity. The parts of the cerebrum intercommunicate through association tracts consisting of connector neurons. Association neurons account for approximately half of the total number of nerve cells in the brain. The tracts are believed to be involved with reasoning, learning, and memory. The left half of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body; the right half controls the left side.

Other important parts of the brain include the pituitary gland , the basal ganglia, and the reticular activating system (RAS). The pituitary participates in growth regulation. The basal ganglia, located just above the diencephalon in each cerebral hemisphere, handle coordination and habitual but acquired skills like chewing and playing the piano. The RAS forms a special system of nerve cells linking the medulla, pons, midbrain, and cerebral cortex. The RAS functions as a sentry. In a noisy crowd, for example, the RAS alerts a person when a friend speaks and enables that person to ignore other sounds.

Nerve fibers in the brain are sheathed in a near-white substance called myelin and form the white matter of the brain. Nerve cell bodies, which are not covered by myelin sheaths, form the gray matter. The billions of nerve cells in the brain are structurally supported by the hairlike filaments of glial cells. Smaller than nerve cells and ten times as numerous, the glia account for an estimated half of the brain's weight. Cranial blood vessels in the brain have certain selective permiability characteristics that largely constitute the "blood-brain barrier." The entire brain is enveloped in three protective sheets known as the meninges , continuations of the membranes that wrap the spinal cord . The two inner sheets enclose a shock-absorbing cushion of cerebrospinal fluid.

Neural Pathways

Sensory nerve cells feed information to the brain from every part of the body, external and internal. The brain evaluates the data, then sends directives through the motor nerve cells to muscles and glands, causing them to take suitable action. Alternatively, the brain may inhibit action, as when a person tries not to laugh or cry, or it may simply store the information for later use. Both incoming information and outgoing commands traverse the brain and the rest of the nervous system in the form of electrochemical impulses.

The human brain consists of some 10 billion interconnected nerve cells with innumerable extensions. This interlacing of nerve fibers and their junctions allows a nerve impulse to follow any of a virtually unlimited number of pathways. The effect is to give humans a seemingly infinite variety of responses to sensory input, which may depend upon experience, mood, or any of numerous other factors. During both sleep and consciousness, the ceaseless electrochemical activity in the brain generates brain waves that can be electronically detected and recorded (see electroencephalography ).

Research

Brain research, now often referred to as a part of neuropsychology, cognitive science, psychobiology, or other similar fields, has become much more active in recent years. Aided largely by advanced new imaging techniques such as MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging) and the PET (positron emission tomography) scan, neuroscientists have been better able to localize specific functions involving thought, language, perceiving, mental imaging, memory, and other abilities. Much more has been learned about the roles of neurotransmitters as well. New life has been given to the traditional philosophical debate on how to reconcile the seeming contradiction between the richness of subjective experience, including self-awareness, with purely scientific explanations of brain function.

Bibliography

See D. Dennett, Consciousness Explained (1991); J. A. Hobson, The Chemistry of Conscious States (1994); S. A. Greenfield, The Human Brain (1997); M. R. W. Dawson, Understanding Cognitive Science (1998); J. M. Allman, Evolving Brains (1999).

Author not available, BRAIN., The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press

IS FREE WILL SIMPLY AN ILLUSION? ; AS DISTURBING NEW RESEARCH INTO THE BRAIN SUGGESTS THAT MAN HAS NO CONTROL OVER HIS OWN DESTINY ...

WHAT does it mean to be human, to be in control of one's own mind? What is the nature of consciousness, the mysterious property of self-awareness that we all have and yet which no scientist understands? Is there any such thing as free will, or are our minds at the mercy of some unknown force? These are the fundamental questions that have perplexed philosophers and, increasingly, scientists for centuries.

Until recently they seemed utterly unfathomable; after all, how do you test for something like free will in the laboratory? But now science is coming up with some fascinating -- and deeply uncomfortable -- answers.

This week, for instance, Professor John-Dylan Haynes and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute in Germany report the findings of an extraordinary experiment which seems to show that 'free will' -- the most cherished tenet of humanity, which decrees that Man has total control of his own actions -- may, in fact, be little more than an illusion.

For in their experiment, the scientists found that we may not be making conscious choices at all. Rather, our subconscious minds may be dictating our actions, long before we realise.
Analyse It is a troubling suggestion. As Prof Haynes says: 'The impression that we are freely able to choose between different possible courses of action is fundamental to our mental health.' If we are not in control after all, then that makes humans little more than automatons.
In his experiment, volunteers were asked to view a stream of letters on a computer screen and told, at some point, of their choosing, to press a button either with their left or right index finger -- and remember the letter that was on the screen when they did so.

The volunteers were also connected to brain-scanning MRI machines which were able to monitor and analyse brain patterns. These 'mind- reading' scanners could recognise when the brain had decided on a course of action.

To the researchers' astonishment, it turned out that the volunteers' brains would reach a decision about pressing one of the buttons several seconds before the volunteers actually thought they had made up their minds.

The implications are hugely significant, because the experiby ment suggests that what we think of as a 'conscious decision' may, in fact, be no such thing.

The traditional 'folk science' picture of the mind has our 'conscious self' as a little man sitting in our heads, pushing buttons and pulling levers, filing 'thoughts', receiving messages from eyes and ears and making our muscles move.

What Prof Haynes's experiment seems to show is that we need a new picture; instead of that little man pushing and pulling levers, he is merely a passive observer, lazing back in his chair and watching it all happen.

It is as though what we are actually aware of is no more than a film show, and the decision-making is made purely unconsciously.

Disturbing It is a disturbing picture, because it reinforces the view that we are mere machines, pieces of biological clockwork that have no more free will than a Swiss watch.
This sounds counter to common sense, but the more you think about it the more it is clear that much of what we do is done on 'autopilot' and that free will is rarely necessary.
If you regularly drive to work, for instance, at the end of your commute tomorrow try to remember the details of your journey. The chances are you will not be able recall more than the basics. When top tennis players are asked to think, consciously, about every stroke and every movement, their game falls to pieces.

Studies of elite sportsmen show that at the top of their game they are performing in a sort of semi-conscious fugue, purely on autopilot.

The 'will', if there is any, comes during the training process, not during the match.
Of course, if we really do not have free will, this opens a can of worms about human morality.
If the brain is a machine, whose decisions are entirely out of our conscious control, then can a criminal be held responsible for his actions? This is a dangerous road to go down. As Prof Haynes admits: 'It would lead to no one being held responsible for anything.' But this isn't the first time science has given a worrying insight into the workings of our brains.

Earlier this year, Nature magazine reported an extraordinary experiment in mind-reading technology.
No stage magic, smoke or mirrors here -- just the clever use of brain-scanning machines and computers to pinpoint and identify actual thoughts as they arise in the brain.

The scientists, led by Dr Jack Gallant of Berkeley University in California, again used MRI scanners to monitor brain activity when volunteers were shown various black and white photographs of everyday scenes -- a house and garden, various countryside views and so on.
The scanner and the computer it was attached to first had to 'learn' how the brain reacted to thousands of images -- what electrical patterns arose when the volunteer was looking at a picture of, say, a house or a car.

The volunteer was then shown photographs and the 'mindreading system' had to work out, from the patterns of electrical activity detected in the brain, what the subject was looking at.
Astonishingly, nine times out of ten the machine was able to work out what the person was looking at. As the authors freely admit, the way is now open to a general mind-reading machine, 'perhaps even to access the visual content of purely mental phenomena, such as dreams and imagery'.

If we can read minds, and even dreams, and prove that free will is a nonsense, then what does that say about the mystery of our minds? In fact, the human brain, for all this, remains by far the most mysterious object known to science.
It is still completely unknown how 3lb of wet jelly, plus tiny electrical currents powered by the energy we release from our food, can give rise to consciousness.
But it does.

Mystery Few modern people believe that the brain is pervaded by some sort of mysterious 'soul'; but how the neurones and synapses of the mind can generate subjective experiences of colour, smell, hate, fear and love is an utter mystery. In fact, many scientists believe it is the greatest mystery of all.

But unless we want to believe in 'souls' or 'auras', we must believe that the brain is a machine -- a very complicated machine, but a machine nonetheless. And that means its workings must, in principle, be deducible, that we can predict its every move, as this freewill experiment seems to show.

Does that mean we will one day be able to calculate what powers love, creates artistic masterpieces, sows awe, and experiences both great sorrow and utter joy? Maybe one day science will have an explanation for all this, but one suspects that even after the questions of the atoms and quarks, the planets and galaxies are finally answered, the deep puzzle of what exactly is going on in our heads will remain forever unsolved.
And perhaps that's the way it should be..

Copyright 2008 Daily Mail Date: 4/18/2008; Publication: Daily Mail; Author: Michael Hanlon

This document provided by HighBeam Research at http://www.highbeam.com


Latest PET Definition

Here is the latest Columbia Encyclopedia definition available for Title: PET scan

Date: 4/24/2008; Publication: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition;

PET scan or positron emission tomography , a medical imaging technique that monitors metabolic, or biochemical, activity in the brain and other organs by tracking the movement and concentration of a radioactive tracer injected into the bloodstream. The technique uses special computerized imaging equipment and rings of detectors surrounding the patient to record gamma radiation produced when positrons (positively charged particles) emitted by the tracer collide with electrons.

PET scans are especially valuable in imaging the brain. They are used in medicine to diagnose brain tumors and strokes, and to locate the origins of epileptic activity; in psychiatry to examine brain function in schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , and other mental illnesses; and in neuropsychology to study such brain functions and capabilities as speech, reading, memory, and dreaming.

Author not available, PET SCAN., The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press

The Fake Bad Scale and Malingering Claims

Lawyers USA published an article last week entitled Defense experts using controversial 'malingering' test.

The author is continuing a series of criticisms leveled at Dr. Paul Lees Haley who is the creator of the Fake Bad Scale.  He uses it to categorize personal injury victims as "malingerers" and "fakes."  The fake bad scale was created in 1991 by Dr. Paul Lees-Haley, a neuropsychologist in Woodland Hills, Calif. who testifies as an expert witness for the defense.

Since the test recently gained acceptance by the University of Minnesota (the author of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI scales), Lees-Haley's Fake Bad Scale is receiving clout.  Clout, according to leading doctors and lawyers, is false and misleading.

A person scores a point for answering questions positively.  The fake bad scale is a series of 43 true or false questions such as "I have very few headaches," "I have nightmares every few nights" and "My sex life is satisfactory."

Each response of a symptom adds a point toward the total score.

A total score of 23 out of 43 would be considered a "high score" and should "raise suspicions of over-reporting of symptoms," said Dr. Manfred Greiffenstein, a proponent of the test. He added that it would be virtually impossible for anyone who is not exaggerating to score 30 or higher.

However, critics note that the cut-off score has changed. The author previously recommended a cut-off of 20, while others have suggested a cut-off score of 26 for women.

Greiffenstein acknowledged that the test is scored on a "sliding scale."

A leading critic of the test, Dr. James Butcher, PhD, a senior author of the MMPI-2 and a professor at University of Minnesota, said that the fake bad scale does not meet the standards set by other MMPI-2 scales and "greatly overestimates" malingering.

As lawyers, Daubert and evidentiary challenges are raised as to the use and misuse of the Fake Bad Scale.

New 5 Year Study of PTSD

A new 5 year study is underway to determine how to recognize and treat post traumatic brain stress disorder.

Military and civilian researchers from across Texas will be involved in a five-year study of the best way to detect and treat post-traumatic stress disorder.

The $33 million project will be led by the University of Texas Health Science Center and open to soldiers serving or being treated at Texas military installations, the San Antonio Express-News reported.

Few studies have been conducted that look for the best way to treat veterans and active duty personnel, said Alan Peterson, a retired U.S. Air Force psychologist and health science center professor.

The study will evaluate current forms of the standard treatment and medications. In addition, it will include neuro-imaging to observe changes in brain and genetic studies to search for genes that may place some people at greater risk for the disorder.

Read more from the United Press International.

Neuroimaging

I came across this brief explanantion of some of the topics I will be presenting with Dr. Joseph Wu of University of California, Irvine, in next week's Brain Injury Association of America Conference in Las Vegas.  Here CT, MRI,fMRI, Spect and PET are discussed.  These diagnostics show us the structure and metabolism of the brain.  EEG (not discussed below) reveals electrical activity of the brain.

Dr. Wu is the Director of the Brain Imaging Center and will be discussing advances in Positron Emission Tomography technology and use in brain injury detection.  This information was derived from Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007:

Brain Imaging

Several commonly used diagnostic methods give images of the brain without invading the skull. Some portray anatomy—that is, the structure of the brain—whereas others measure brain function. Two or more methods may be used to complement each other, together providing a more complete picture than would be possible by one method alone.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), introduced in the early 1980s, beams high-frequency radio waves into the brain in a highly magnetized field that causes the protons that form the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in the brain to reemit the radio waves. The reemitted radio waves are analyzed by computer to create thin cross-sectional images of the brain. MRI provides the most detailed images of the brain and is safer than imaging methods that use X rays. However, MRI is a lengthy process and also cannot be used with people who have pacemakers or metal implants, both of which are adversely affected by the magnetic field.

Computed tomography (CT), also known as CT scans, developed in the early 1970s. This imaging method X-rays the brain from many different angles, feeding the information into a computer that produces a series of cross-sectional images. CT is particularly useful for diagnosing blood clots and brain tumors. It is a much quicker process than magnetic resonance imaging and is therefore advantageous in certain situations—for example, with people who are extremely ill.

Changes in brain function due to brain disorders can be visualized in several ways. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures the concentration of specific chemical compounds in the brain that may change during specific behaviors. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) maps changes in oxygen concentration that correspond to nerve cell activity.

Positron emission tomography (PET), developed in the mid-1970s, uses computed tomography to visualize radioactive tracers (see Isotopic Tracer), radioactive substances introduced into the brain intravenously or by inhalation. PET can measure such brain functions as cerebral metabolism, blood flow and volume, oxygen use, and the formation of neurotransmitters. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), developed in the 1950s and 1960s, uses radioactive tracers to visualize the circulation and volume of blood in the brain.

Brain-imaging studies have provided new insights into sensory, motor, language, and memory processes, as well as brain disorders such as epilepsy; cerebrovascular disease; Alzheimer's, Parkinson, and Huntington's diseases (see Chorea); and various mental disorders, such as schizophrenia.

MRI, CT, fMRI, PET and SPECT Neuroimaging

I came across this brief explanation of some of the topics I will be presenting with Dr. Joseph Wu of University of California, Irvine, in next week's Brain Injury Association of America Conference in Las Vegas.  Here Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Functional Magnetic Resonance (fMRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) are discussed.  These diagnostics show us the structure and metabolism of the brain.  EEG (not discussed below) reveals electrical activity of the brain. Dr. Wu is the Director of the Brain Imaging Center and will be discussing advances in Positron Emission Tomography technology and use in brain injury detection. 

This information was derived from Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007:

Brain Imaging

brain image Several commonly used diagnostic methods give images of the brain without invading the skull. Some portray anatomy—that is, the structure of the brain—whereas others measure brain function. Two or more methods may be used to complement each other, together providing a more complete picture than would be possible by one method alone.

 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), introduced in the early 1980s, beams high-frequency radio waves into the brain in a highly magnetized field that causes the protons that form the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in the brain to reemit the radio waves. The reemitted radio waves are analyzed by computer to create thin cross-sectional images of the brain. MRI provides the most detailed images of the brain and is safer than imaging methods that use X rays. However, MRI is a lengthy process and also cannot be used with people who have pacemakers or metal implants, both of which are adversely affected by the magnetic field.


Computed Tomography or CT

Computed tomography, also known as CT scans, developed in the early 1970s. This imaging method X-rays the brain from many different angles, feeding the information into a computer that produces a series of cross-sectional images. CT is particularly useful for diagnosing blood clots and brain tumors. It is a much quicker process than magnetic resonance imaging and is therefore advantageous in certain situations—for example, with people who are extremely ill.


Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of fMRI

Changes in brain function due to brain disorders can be visualized in several ways. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures the concentration of specific chemical compounds in the brain that may change during specific behaviors. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) maps changes in oxygen concentration that correspond to nerve cell activity.


Positron Emission Tomography or PET

Positron emission tomography (PET), developed in the mid-1970s, uses computed tomography to visualize radioactive tracers (see Isotopic Tracer), radioactive substances introduced into the brain intravenously or by inhalation. PET can measure such brain functions as cerebral metabolism, blood flow and volume, oxygen use, and the formation of neurotransmitters. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), developed in the 1950s and 1960s, uses radioactive tracers to visualize the circulation and volume of blood in the brain.

Brain-imaging studies have provided new insights into sensory, motor, language, and memory processes, as well as brain disorders such as epilepsy; cerebrovascular disease; Alzheimer's, Parkinson, and Huntington's diseases (see Chorea); and various mental disorders, such as schizophrenia.

 

Iraq Soldiers and PTSD

Why is it that when a group of soldiers share a horrific battle experience, some are able to work through it and get on with their lives while others suffer the persistent anxiety, emotional numbness and bomb-blasted nightmares of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

The answer, researchers have long believed, is that an individual's response to trauma — whether in battle, or as result of a natural disaster, a violent crime or some other horror — depends not only on the intensity of that trauma but also on a complex interplay of past experiences and genetic factors. A new paper, published in the current issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, provides remarkable support for this explanation and identifies a specific gene that influences susceptibility to PTSD.

Read the whole Time Article by clicking here http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1723204,00.html?xid=rss-health

Stingray Kills Boater

A boater who was killed when a ray jumped out of the water in the Florida Keys and hit her face died of skull fractures and brain injuries, not from the animal's poisonous barb, a medical examiner said Friday.

Judy Kay Zagorski, 57, a community leader around her hometown of Pigeon, Mich., was in the front of a boat going 25 mph on Thursday when a 75-pound spotted eagle ray leapt from the water and hit her in a freak collision.

Monroe County's medical examiner, Dr. Michael Hunter, determined that the cause of death was "blunt force" head injury and that the collision with the ray killed her off Marathon, about 50 miles northeast of Key West.

Hunter's report noted she suffered "multiple skull fractures and direct brain injury resulting in sudden death," said Jorge Pino, spokesman for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.

Ancient Brain Surgery

Archeologists recently unearthed remains in Greece that appear to be evidence of brain surgery on a woman who died 1800 ago!

A bone expert who studied the finds said the skeleton belonged to a woman up to 25 years old who had suffered a severe blow to the crown of her head, Graikos said. The operation was apparently an attempt to save her life.

He said the clearly defined shape of the hole left in the woman's skull was a sign of relatively sophisticated surgery.

"She probably did not survive the operation, as the wound was very large, and there are no signs of healing around the edges," Graikos told The Associated Press.

The discovery in Veria appears to be similar to several others made in other parts of the former Roman Empire, said Simon Mays, an expert on human skeletal remains at English Heritage, a body which advises the British government.

"That kind of operation dates back a long way ... the earliest example dates back about 5,000 years ago in Europe," said Mays, who was not connected to the Greek excavation.

In early examples, cruder holes were made in the skull by slowly scraping the bone away around the edges, but more precise instruments were used in Roman times, he said.

"We know that (brain) surgery was carried out in the Roman empire, and some of the Roman textual sources give quite precise instructions as to how it should be carried out," Mays said.

"This probably fits in with a pattern about what we know (the Romans) could do

Cost of Neuroimaging

Insurance companies are once again trying to preserve their income by cutting health care.  The rising cost of CT and other neuroimaging techniques is prompting insurance companies to look for ways to decrease their use.

There is certainly an argument that doctors have been placed in the unenviable position of having to protect themselves by practicing "defensive medicine."  But more compelling is the information neuroimaging provides in saving lives or prescribing proper care.

It is no wonder that diagnostic tests increase as technology increases.  Moreover, doctors' ability to see and treat disease increases with the use of neuroimaging technology.  Just as the Hubbell telescope  allows us to see things in outer space previously unseen and allows us to create theories of Relativity, we are better informed and able to understand that sun does not evolve around earth but earth around sun.

Fortunately health insurance companies do not dispute such theories and facts - but if they could save money doing it I bet they would!

Read the article in today's Newsday.

To read more click Study by Center for Studying Health System Change http://hschange.org/CONTENT/968/

Focus Groups and Neuroscience

The work of Lakoff and Moskowitz has shown the value of understanding 21st century jurors attitudes and beliefs.  "Biconceptualism" is in and polarized conservative and progressive is out.

And, of course, David Ball and his comtemporaries have taught us all the value of focus groups in assessing the potential verdicts in cases.

Now a neuroscientist at Berkley is teaming with other specialists to expand the work of cognitive science.  Dr. Knight's name popped into the news when it was announced that Nielsen Co., still the world leader in "audience measurement," had made what it called a "strategic investment" in a theretofore unheard-of California company called NeuroFocus, where Dr. Knight additionally serves as chief science adviser and where Dr. A.K. Pradeep, who holds a PhD in engineering, serves as chief executive officer. Together they blend the science side and the business side of an enterprise that uses brainwave analysis to, they assert, unlock the Holy Trinity of advertising. As in:

Are you paying attention?

Are you emotionally engaged?

Have you retained the information that the advertiser is trying to implant in that brain of yours?

As for focus groups, on that subject Dr. Knight's animus is unvarnished. "They're a little bit like juries where it's eight to four for acquittal on the first vote. Then it's 12 to nothing for guilty four days later and it's usually because of social factors and group dominance and all those kinds of behaviours that emerge in a group situation."

"The simple fact is the brain makes behaviour," Dr. Knight continues. "If you can effectively measure the brain, which we think we can ... We can give you information that's not available by any other methodology. You just can't get it in conventional marketing."

This exciting field of cognitive science is making great strides in a variety of fields.  To read more click here http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20080315.RCOVER15/TPStory/?query=brain+guy

Brain Injury Study reveals Structural Change

Dr. Brian Levine of the Rotman Research Institute and the University of Toronto, whose study appears in the journal Neurology, finds brain volume loss occurs when tissue dies follwoing brain injury.  Levine found losses involved both frontal and posterior brain regions, and the damage was greatest to white matter: tissue that makes up the brain's communication network.

Levine studied brain scans taken from 69 traumatic brain injury patients whose head injuries ranged from mild to moderate or severe. The researchers used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging or MRI to study changes in brain volume a year after the injury.

They ran a computer analysis of these images and found that even patients with mild brain injuries with no apparent scarring had less brain volume.

These findings, published in a widely recognized journal, will help physcians in assisting patients.  Levine said the study does not mean that people who have had mild head injuries will have a disability, but it might help to explain why some people never quite recover from their head injury.

"You hear this all the time from people, that they're not the same. A lot of times doctors don't know why," Levine said.

According the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, at least, 1.4 million people in the United States suffer a traumatic brain injury each year.

At least 5.3 million Americans, or about 2 percent of the U.S. population, need help to perform activities of daily living as a result of their brain injuries.




Scientists engineer nerve-cell tissue

U.S. scientists have demonstrated living human nerve cells can be engineered into a network that might be used to repair nervous system damage.

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine researchers created a three-dimensional neural network -- a mini nervous system in culture -- that can be transplanted en masse, said Professor Douglas Smith, director of the school's Center for Brain Injury and Repair.

Scientists engineer nerve-cell tissue

U.S. scientists have demonstrated living human nerve cells can be engineered into a network that might be used to repair nervous system damage.

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine researchers created a three-dimensional neural network -- a mini nervous system in culture -- that can be transplanted en masse, said Professor Douglas Smith, director of the school's Center for Brain Injury and Repair.

Fake Bad Scale

The Wall Street Journal published an article yesterday about the efficacy of the Fake Bad Scale.  Recently added to the MMPI personality test, the scale has generated heated controversy.

On one side are injury victims and their lawyers. who have the backing of Dr. Butcher, among others, and point out that the scale gives false conclusions.  On the other side is Dr. Paul Lees-Haley, the creator of the scale, backed by insurance companies and its lawyers, purporting the test is valid only in the subset of personal injury lawsuits.

Dorothy Clay-Sims, a Florida lawyer has lead the effort to expose the Fake Bad Scale as a tool that will, almost without exception, find anyone who takes it, a malingerer.

Read the full article here: http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB120466776681911325-lMyQjAxMDI4MDA0NTYwNjU3Wj.html

 

Teenage Temper Tantrums

A Special Report in New Scientist  that scans reveal propensity of agression in teenagers was released today.  Specific brain anatomy is proportionate to agressive behavior.  Amygdalas were bigger in both sexes of adolecents demonstrating aggression when confronted in controlled tests.

For those who have children in adolesence, this information may, at least, make some sense of parenting this age group.

To read more click here. http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/brain/dn13373-its-not-fair-brains-may-compel-teens-to-tantrum.html?feedId=brain_rss20

Delayed Brain Damage

Blast Injuries and veteran brain damage is gaining attention as the war in Iraq continues.  Here is an article that addresses how the brain is injured in explosion events and how the brain may actually become increasing damaged as the trauma continues.

Blasts cause delayed brain trauma


Improvised explosive devices have killed at least 1,600 soldiers in Iraq since the United States invaded in 2003. Thanks to high-tech body armor, new helmets, and better resuscitation techniques, many more soldiers now survive blasts. But this has revealed a new problem: Blast exposure, especially repeated exposure, can cause brain damage so subtle that soldiers may not realize they've been wounded. Ibolja Cernak, director of the Biomedicine Business Area at the Applied Physics Laboratory, says that these mild brain injuries can lead to gradual neurodegeneration, similar to Alzheimer's disease.


Most experts acknowledge that explosions can injure the brain even when there is no direct blow to the head. The prevailing argument has been that waves of compressed air emanating from the blast shake the skull with enough force to strain or stretch the brain, not unlike what happens in a bad car crash. "It's like a turbo-charged whiplash," says Ross Bullock, a professor in the Department of Neurological Surgery at the University of Miami.


But Cernak's research suggests a different mechanism. She posits that energy from the explosion compresses the abdomen and chest, generating oscillating waves in large blood vessels such as the aorta. These waves, she says, then carry that energy, at the speed of sound in water, to the brain, where it induces slight physiological changes in brain structures — for instance, slowing a cell's metabolism or altering the permeability of its membrane — that can lead to delayed neuronal cell death. The effects can cascade over time. Symptoms such as balance problems and impaired speech may manifest months or years after the blast. Cernak calls this syndrome blast-induced neuro-trauma (BINT).


"If what she's saying is true," says Jeff Bazarian, a brain injury expert at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York, "then how the brain gets injured by a blast is very different than how it gets injured in a car accident." Not everyone is convinced that Cernak is right, but if she is, her hypothesis has implications for body armor design. Armor currently used in the field contains hard plates that could, according to Cernak's hypothesis, concentrate the power of a blast and make neurological damage worse.


Cernak began her career at the Military Medical Academy in Belgrade. During the fighting that followed the collapse of Yugoslavia in the late 1980s, she was one of the first to study the neurological effects of blast injuries, sometimes collecting blood samples on the battlefield minutes after an explosion. Today most of her research takes place in the lab, where she replicates blast pressure waves using a shock tube, and studies their effect on rodents.
"I've been fighting since 1990 with the military medical community to convince them that BINT exists," Cernak says. "It is still a fight, but finally this problem is getting acknowledged." —Cassandra Willyard, A&S '07 (MA)

Second Chance

I am passing on this email to anyone interested in reviewing Craig's amazing story.  Actually there are many amazing stories of brain injury recovery to tell.  It helps to tell them especially since there are many more with less amazing endings.

Hello Mr. Titolo,

I am interested in providing encouragement to our veterans and the soldiers who have been wounded while protecting our great country. Additionally, I am interested in providing practical information and insight to assist their families. My name is Craig J. Phillips. I am an alumnus of Oral Robert’s University Class of 1985, an alumnus of the University of Kentucky, graduate program in Rehabilitation Counseling Class of 1990, and a traumatic brain injury survivor. I sustained an open skull fracture with right frontal lobe damage and remained in a coma for 3 weeks at the age of 10 in August of 1967. I underwent brain and skull surgery after waking from the coma. Follow-up cognitive and psyche / social testing revealed that I would not be able to succeed academically beyond high school. In 1967 Neurological Rehabilitation was not available to me, so I had to teach myself how to walk, talk, read, write and speak in complete sentences. I completed high school on time and went on to obtain both my undergraduate and graduate degrees. For an in depth view of my process please read my post, http://secondchancetolive.wordpress.com/2007/02/18/my-journey-thus-far/

Through out my lifetime I developed strategies to overcome many obstacles and in so doing I have achieved far beyond all reasonable expectations. On February 6, 2007 at the encouragement of a friend I created Second Chance to Live. Second Chance to Live, which is located at http://secondchancetolive.wordpress.com presents topics in such a way to encourage, motivate and empower the reader to live life on life’s terms. I believe our circumstances are not meant to keep us down, but to build us up. As a traumatic brain injury survivor, I speak from my experience, strength and hope. As a professional, I provide information to encourage, motivate and empower both disabled and non-disabled individuals to not give up on their process. Please read my post, http://secondchancetolive.wordpress.com My interest is to provide encouragement, hope, motivation and empowerment to survivors and their families.

Please encourage your readers to visit Second Chance to Live at http://secondchancetolive.wordpress.com and consider adding Second Chance to Live to your web site as a useful resource and placing a notice in your newsletter.


Thank you for your time and kindness.
Have a simply phenomenal day!


Craig J. Phillips MRC, BA
Second Chance to Live

Our circumstances are not meant to keep us down, but to build us up!
Note: I recently found out that Second Chance to Live has been published by the European Brain Injury Society E.B.I.S. with in their Autumn 2007 Newsletter http://www.ebissociety.org/automn/newsletter-angl.htm in both French and English. Specifically, My Journey thus Far has been printed. I am encouraged by the growing global interest of the material presented in Second Chance to Live and wanted to share the good news with you.
My article, Traumatic Brain Injury and Displaced Energy has been published by the Brain Injury Association of Niagara, Newsletter January 2008 http://www.niagara.com/bian/
Virginia Commonwealth University’s Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Neuropsychology http://www.tbi.pmr.vcu.edu/ My Journey thus Far, TBI Today Volume 6 Issue I — winter 2008 issue News, Ideas and Resources from the Virginia TBI Model System

Troops Brain Function Test

All members of the American armed forces will soon have their brain functions tested and recorded before and after deploying to a war zone, courtesy of federal legislation co-written by U.S. Sens. Susan Collins of Maine.

Jury Awards $10 M in TBI Case

The Boston Globe reported the case and verdict of a woman injured when hit by a bus.

A Middlesex County jury, after deliberating just four hours, awarded $10 million yesterday to a 58-year-old Somerville woman who suffered brain damage when she was hit by an MBTA bus while waiting to get to work. 

Louise Scialdone is unable to work and has trouble with her balance and her memory, said her lawyer, Paul Mitchell of Boston. She is sensitive to light and noise and, though formerly an avid reader, she can now handle only third-grade-level material, he said. She has good days and bad ones, Mitchell added.

"She can certainly pick up the phone and give you a call, but she might not be able to tomorrow," said Mitchell, who represented Scialdone at trial with his partner John DeSimone.

With interest, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority now owes Scialdone close to $12.8 million from the date the suit was filed, said her lawyers and the MBTA. 

Scaldone will use the money to upgrade her care, which she needs around the clock, at a cost of about $200,000 a year, Mitchell said. She will move from a nursing home to a brain injury rehabilitation center.

It was icy on Feb. 4, 2004, when Scialdone, who used a walker because of arthritis, was waiting at a bus stop on McGrath Highway, on her way to her job as a clerk at the Massachusetts Department of Transitional Assistance. The bus driver lost control of the vehicle, fishtailed onto the sidewalk, and knocked Scialdone off her feet, Mitchell said. Scialdone was thrown 5 feet, and her head hit a parked car, Mitchell said. She was knocked unconscious and hospitalized for 13 hours. A week later, she was readmitted for 20 days. She filed the lawsuit 18 months later.

Scialdone's lawyers told the 16-member jury that the bus driver was traveling too fast for the slick roads. A witness estimated that the bus, which was out of service, was moving about 30 miles per hour, the lawyers said.

The T argued that some of Scialdone's injuries were caused by her preexisting arthritic condition. Because of her injuries, Scialdone attended only part of the two-week trial, Mitchell said.

The bus driver who hit Scialdone, Tracy Sullivan, remains on the job, Mitchell said.

Pesaturo, citing policy, would not confirm the driver's name but said she served a one-day suspension before returning to work.

Attempts to reach her through the MBTA were unsuccessful.

Before the case went to trial, Mitchell offered to settle for $9 million, but the T offered no more than $1 million, Mitchell said.

Stephanie Mackesy, Scialdone's daughter, drove from Bennington, N.H., to attend the trial.

She said her mother used to take her 14-year-old grandchild on vacations and day trips to museums, but cannot interact the same way with her 3-year-old granddaughter.

"It's completely ruined my mother's life," said Mackesy.


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BIAA Legislative Update February 2008

Congress held numerous budget and appropriations hearings this week, as well as several hearings addressing health care provided to wounded service members and veterans.

The House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education (Labor-HHS-Ed) held a hearing on Thursday on this year’s proposed budget for the Department of Health and Human Services, featuring HHS Secretary Michael Leavitt as a witness. At the same time, BIAA signed on this week to a coalition letter to the Subcommittee urging its Members to provide $30 million for TBI Act programs this year.

Also this week, both chambers of Congress held important hearings on efforts to improve health care for returning service members, as well as to improve the veterans’ disability benefits system. BIAA submitted questions and comments in relation to several of the hearings.

A significant victory in Medicaid policy was achieved late this week as well, as a Senate Amendment to prevent implementation of the Administration’s proposed regulation restricting reimbursement for Medicaid Targeted Case Management (TCM) was successfully added to an Indian health bill. The Amendment would establish a Moratorium on implementation of the TCM interim rule until April 1, 2009.

Please note that Congress will be not be in session next week, as both chambers observe a week-long Presidents’ Day Recess.

War Head Injuries: Long-Term Effects

 Time magazine reports that Post Traumatic Stress Disorder risk is elevated in situations where a concussion occurs.  But not all concussions result in PTSD and not all PTSD requires concussion.

The article, along with the many others since the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, have brought the focus on brain injury and related issues into the public forum.  I hope this "awakening" will help educate lawyers, insurance companyies, Judges and juries about the very real "unseen" injury.

To read the article click here.

Studies Cite Head Injuries

Great article in the Wall Street Journal.  Researchers studying brain injury believe they've found a common thread running through many cases of seemingly unrelated social problems: a long-forgotten blow to the head.

"Unidentified traumatic brain injury is an unrecognized major source of social and vocational failure," says Wayne A. Gordon, director of the Brain Injury Research Center at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, where much of the research is being done.

To read the full article click here.

Watch this!

This is an interesting video I came across while reading the Wall Street Journal's piece on Brain Injury.  Check it out here.

BIAA UpdateFebruary 2008

Laura Schiebelhut, BIAA Public Affairs Manager asked me to distribute this update:

President Bush signed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 4986), containing important wounded warrior provisions related to TBI care which BIAA actively lobbied for last year, into law on Monday.

At the same time, negotiations continued over the development of an economic stimulus package, as the House passed its version of the bill, which represents a compromise with the Bush Administration. This House version does not include increases in federal Medicaid payments to states, which BIAA strongly supports. BIAA will continue advocating for the inclusion of provisions to raise Medicaid reimbursement rates to states as Senate negotiations on the package go forward next week.

Looking ahead, President Bush’s Proposed Budget for Fiscal Year 2009 will be delivered to Congress on Monday, February 4. Unfortunately, early reports are that funding for government health programs will be dramatically decreased by more than $2 billion.

Battle Concussions Tied to Stress Disorder

I continue to follow the efforts made in diagnosing and treating brain injuries of war veterans.  The NY TImes reported a new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

About one in six combat troops returning from Iraq have suffered at least one concussion in the war, injuries that, while temporary, could heighten their risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder, researchers are reporting.

The study, in The New England Journal of Medicine, is the military’s first large-scale effort to gauge the effect of mild head injuries — concussions, many of them from roadside blasts — that some experts worry may be causing a host of undiagnosed neurological deficiencies.

The new report found that soldiers who had concussions were more likely than those with other injuries to report a variety of physical and mental symptoms in their first months back home, including headaches, poor sleep and balance problems. But they were also at higher risk for the stress disorder, or PTSD, and that accounted for most of the difference in complaints, the researchers concluded.

Read more click here.

Tales from the Canadian health care system

The Las Vegas Review Journal reports on the Canadian Wait time for medical care.  I have been following this in my blogs over the past month.  Seems that the consensus is that there is a downside to socialized medicine when it comes to getting care quickly and that certainly is a DOWNSIDE.

To read more and see how the democratic candidates weigh in click here.

American supporters of socialized medicine have learned not to call it that, anymore. Instead, they use euphemisms such as "single payer" -- as though they seek to hold some giant lottery in which a Yazoo City garage mechanic named Billy Bob Bufus would be selected to reach into his coveralls and pay everybody else's medical bills for a year.

Early on in his administration, looking for something for the first lady to do, Bill Clinton appointed his wife to head up a giant secret task force to draw up a proposed new nationalized "Health Security Act." Mrs. Clinton put together a 1,300-page doozy. Under her plan, anyone attempting to "get out of line" and pay cash for faster medical attention could have gone to jail.

That sounds far-fetched, but it's actually typical of any "one-payer" government medical monopoly. If things in limited supply are not rationed by price, they have to be rationed by bureaucrats.

Stuart Browning is a young filmmaker who has put together a series of short films warning Americans about the dangers of collectivized medicine and the benefits of free markets in health care. One of these films, "A Short Course in Brain Surgery" can be viewed for free in only a few minutes on your home computer, at www.freemarketcure.com/brainsurgery.php. It's worth the time.

The five-minute short introduces us to a retired Ontario body shop manager named Lindsay McCleith. Mr. McCleith had terrible headaches and suffered a seizure. Both he and his doctor suspected a brain tumor, and asked the Canadian National Health system to schedule the diagnostic test known as an MRI. Mr. McCleith got his appointment -- four months away.

He and his wife offered to pay cash to get faster attention. But that's not allowed in Ontario. (Sound familiar?)

He crossed the border to Buffalo, N.Y., and got his test in four days. Turned out he had a brain tumor the size of a golf ball. Armed with this evidence of the seriousness of his condition, he returned to Canada, seeking quick surgery and reimbursement for his expenses. The Canadian "single-payer" system which American leftists yearn to emulate would do neither.

His doctor estimates Mr. McCleith would have waited eight months for treatment in his home country. Here, the whole process -- diagnosis, consultation, surgery -- took one month.

Fortunately, he and his wife had enough money to cover the $28,000 cost -- though Sandra McCleith says she would have gladly mortgaged her home to pay the bills. "When your life is in danger, you're desperate," she says.

That only works if you can get to America, though. No amount of money would have bought them timely treatment in Canada. Even "asking for permission" to go to the United States takes eight months.

Today, Hillary Clinton says she's "learned her lesson" about proposing socialized medicine.

But one examines her written and spoken record in vain for any declaration that government-enforced collectivism is inherently wrong, in medicine or anywhere else. Instead, we're left to conclude the "lesson" Sen. Clinton has learned is that it's wiser to impose socialized medicine incrementally, one small step at a time, rather than be honest and spell out your intentions, handing fans of freedom as fat and juicy a target as her gigantic "Health Security Act."

Nor is there any indication that her remaining Democratic opponent, Sen. Barack Obama, has foresworn this vital plank in the socialists' century-old roadmap to serfdom, either.

Largest Increase in Health Care for Military

Rep. Baron Hill, D-Ind. (9th CD), has issued the following news release:

"Americans were shocked to learn one year ago of a crisis in care for soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan," Hill added. "America can do better, and this historic funding increase, paired with our Wounded Warriors Act reforms, puts us on the right track for America's veterans."

With the release of these funds, the 110th Congress has provided an extra $6.7 billion over last year for the largest single funding increase in the 77-year history of the Department of Veterans Affairs. This funding is primarily aimed at:

* X Strengthening quality health care for 5.8 million patients, including about 263,000 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, in the 5th year of the war in Iraq;

* X Investing in much-needed maintenance for VA health care facilities and treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Traumatic Brain Injury for returning veterans;

* X Reducing the backlog of veterans (400,000 claims) waiting for their earned benefits by adding 1,800 claims processors.

* X Building on the first steps by this Congress at the beginning of 2007 - increasing veterans' health care and benefits by $5.2 billion for improved care and shorter waiting lines for veterans waiting 177 days to receive their earned benefits.

BIAA Legislative Update January 2008

BIAA policy corner coordinator Laura Schiebelhut asked to post this latest legislative update.

The Senate passed this week a slightly revised version of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 4986), following House approval of the same bill last week. Important wounded warrior provisions related to TBI care remain unchanged in the new version, which President Bush is expected to sign into law shortly.

Also this week, negotiations ensued over an economic stimulus package, resulting in a bipartisan agreement by the week’s end. BIAA signed on to a coalition letter urging House and Senate leaders to raise Medicaid reimbursement to states.

In addition, on Tuesday, Sen. Michael B. Enzi (R-WY) unveiled, “Guidelines for Assisting Those with Accessibility Needs,” a manual designed to make congressional offices more accessible to individuals with disabilities. BIAA helped provide suggestions for the guide, which was distributed to all House and Senate offices.

Looking ahead, President Bush will deliver his State of the Union Address on Monday, January 28. This will be followed by the release of the President’s Proposed Budget for Fiscal Year 2009 on Monday, February 4.

*Distributed by Laura Schiebelhut, BIAA Public Affairs Manager, on behalf of the Brain Injury Association of America; 703-761-0750 ext. 637; lschiebelhut@biausa.org

The Policy Corner is made possible by the Adam Williams Initiative, Centre for Neuro Skills, and Lakeview Healthcare Systems, Inc. The Brain Injury Association of America gratefully acknowledges their support for legislative action.
__________________________________________________________________

Senate Passes Revised Defense Authorization Bill

On Tuesday, the Senate passed a slightly revised version of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 4986), following House approval of the same bill last week. Important wounded warrior provisions related to TBI care remain unchanged in the new version, which President Bush is expected to sign into law shortly.

The revised bill contains new language altering a provision in the original bill which expanded the rights of victims to sue foreign governments designated by the State Department as state sponsors of terrorism.

The White House unexpectedly announced on December 28, 2007, that President Bush would not sign the original bill because it included a provision which could allow plaintiffs to freeze Iraq government assets in the United States while their claims against Iraq were being litigated (Iraq was listed as a state sponsor of terrorism under Saddam Hussein’s regime).

One of BIAA’s policy goals for 2008 will be to monitor the implementation of the important TBI provisions contained in this bill. (The December 14, 2007 edition of Policy Corner contains more detailed information on these TBI provisions. You can access this issue, as well as all other archived issues of Policy Corner, by visiting BIAA’s webpage at http://www.biausa.org/policycorner.htm).

Negotiations Ensue Over Economic Stimulus Package

Also this week, negotiations focused on putting together an economic stimulus package, resulting in a bipartisan agreement by the week’s end, although the Senate is expected to possibly bring up further amendments during its consideration of the package in coming weeks.

BIAA signed on to a coalition letter urging House and Senate leaders to temporarily raise Medicaid reimbursement to states in order to prevent states from being forced to make cutbacks in essential state services. Such essential Medicaid services include health care and long-term services and supports, which are often especially important to individuals with disabilities.

BIAA Helps Make Congressional Offices More Accessible

Earlier this week, Sen. Michael B. Enzi (R-WY) unveiled, “Guidelines for Assisting Those with Accessibility Needs,” a manual designed to make congressional offices more accessible to individuals with disabilities.

Through the hard work of Robert Demichelis, BIAA helped provide suggestions for the guide, which was distributed to all House and Senate offices.

Birmingham Studies mTBI

The Ministry of Defence reported the following:

Brain injuries can result from relatively minor head injuries or exposure to blasts.
The MoD's surgeon general, Lieutenant General Louis Lilly-white, initiated a project in June last year to investigate mTBI and make recommendations concerning clinical care, education and research.

The Under Secretary of State for Defence, Derek Twigg, said: "The commissioning of this study by the surgeon general shows that the MoD is determined to do all that it can to look after the mental health of our forces.

"The study has concluded that there is no evidence to suggest that the operational capability of the UK's Armed Forces is being affected by mTBI. We routinely screen every member of the military for mTBI who undergoes treatment at any of our emergency medical facilities, regardless of the nature of their injuries. However, research is continuing, covering not only such areas as identifying and diagnosing mTBI cases, but also their prevention."

The Royal Centre for Defence Medicine in Selly Oak, Birmingham, has identified 585 cases of casualties with Traumatic Brain Injury from a total of more than 36,000 patients treated since 2003.

Mysterious Conciousness

The young women had survived the car crash. In the five months since parts of her brain had been crushed, she could open her eyes but didn't respond to sights, sounds or jabs. In the jargon of neurology, she was judged to be in a persistent vegetative state. In crueler everyday language, she was a vegetable

Try to comprehend what it is like to be that woman. Do you appreciate the words and caresses of your distraught family while racked with frustration at your inability to reassure them that they are getting through? Or do you drift in a haze, springing to life with a concrete thought when a voice prods you, only to slip back into blankness? If we could experience this existence, would we prefer it to death? And if these questions have answers, would they change our policies toward unresponsive patients--making the Terri Schiavo case look like child's play?

Click here to read the whole story in Time.

NIH study shows brain injuries prevent post-traumatic stress disorder

In the ongoing quest to understand and treat war injuries, the NIH has shown that certain organic injury to the brain actually reduces the the occurence of non-organic injury.

NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and is the nation's primary supporter of biomedical research on the brain and nervous system.

Brain scans of combat-exposed Vietnam War veterans showed that certain serious head injuries to certain parts of the brain can prevent soldiers from developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

The findings, from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Naval Medical Centre, suggested that drugs or pacemaker-like devices aimed at dampening activity in these brain regions might be effective treatments for PTSD.

Jordan Grafman, Ph.D., a senior investigator at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of NIH, turned to the Vietnam Head Injury Study (VHIS) to make that distinction. The VHIS is a registry of Vietnam veterans who sustained penetrating brain injuries (which are less common in Iraq compared to concussion brain injuries). It has received support from the Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans of Affairs and NIH, and is currently supported by NINDS.

"If we could show that lesions in a specific brain region eliminated PTSD, we knew we could say that the region is critical to developing the disorder," said Dr. Grafman. The results of his study appear online today in "Nature Neuroscience".

To read the full article click here.

Adult ADD is not a just a childhood disease

Important research may lead to amending the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) to include Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD).

"As an organization dedicated to providing information and resources to adults with ADHD, we are excited to see such attention paid to this disorder," said Evelyn Polk-Green, MS, Ed., ADDA President-elect and adult living with ADHD. "The reason why these findings are so important is that they help to inform people that ADHD is not just a childhood disorder, but in fact, a disorder that may affect multiple aspects of adult life and should be properly diagnosed and treated. This research also reinforces the need for formalized and validated criteria for the diagnosis of adult ADHD and may play a significant role in the development of this diagnostic criteria and the addition of it to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders."

You can visit the Attention Deficit Disorder Association (ADDA) by clicking here.

Psychological Tests Published on eBay

eBay has begun selling Psychological tests used in the assessment and evaluation of criminal defendants, students and others, including TBI victims, online.  Harcourt, the publisher of the Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) argues that allowing such public dissemination of the test will impugn the test's credibility since unscrupulous lawyers or parents will attempt to abuse its availability.

Given more than a million times a year nationwide, according to Harcourt, the intelligence tests often are among numerous tests ordered by prosecutors and defense attorneys to determine the mental competence of criminal defendants. A low IQ, for example, can be used to argue leniency in sentencing.

This issue, whether to allow dissemination of psychological tests to non-psychologists, in cases of traumatic brain injury is ongoing.  Frequently, neuropsychologists who do not want the raw data they have compiled for a testee scrutinized, will assert that releasing test booklets is a violation of ethics.  Doing so, they argue, will allow lawyers to coach their clients to give false results.

"In order to maintain its integrity, there needs to be limited availability,"  Harcourt spokesman Russell said.

This issue is frequently seen in cases of traumatic brain injury when plaintiff lawyers try to analyze the results of the testing done at the insurance company's insistence.

To read the AP article click here.

Senate approves $696 B Defense Bill

The Associated Press reports senate approved defense spending bill to assist troops.

The Senate on Friday passed a defense policy bill that would offer more help to troops returning from combat and set conditions on contractors and pricey weapons programs.

The measure reflects the best Democrats could do this year on their national security agenda while holding such a slim majority. Powerless to overcome GOP objections in the Senate, the bill does not order troops home from Iraq, as Democrats would have liked.

To Read the full story click here.

Family Income and Brain Development

A New York Times report reveals the effects of a child's I.Q. and family income.

Children develop most of their basic verbal, memory and abstract reasoning skills from ages of 6 to 10, and the effect of family income on these abilities may be smaller than previously thought, scientists are reporting. The findings, which appear online in The Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, are from a large, continuing government study tracking changes in cognitive abilities and brain structure. The difference in I.Q. scores between low-income and high-income was about 10 points, when youngsters with learning disabilities were excluded; previous studies have found differences of 15 to 20 points. “The purpose is to provide a large, public database of healthy, normal brain development,” said the lead author, Dr. Deborah P. Waber, a pediatric researcher at Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard University.

Brain Exercises Sharpen Memory in Older Adults

Dr. Elizabeth Zelinski of the University of Southern California is making a presentation today at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America.  She is revealing initial data from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training study (IMPACT).  This study is the largest  for aging and cognitive training.

The right kind of brain exercise enhances memory and other cognitive abilities of older adults.  To read the entire article click here.

The website Posit Science: Your Brain will Thank You is a great resource to improve you cognitive ability.  The Brain Fitness Program is a series of computer-based exercises that are scientifically proven to improve important brain functions.

10 Brain Fitness Myths

Leading neuroscientists and practitioners debunk common myths related to health and fitness of the brain in a new whitepaper from SharpBrains, Inc. The 11 experts help illuminate the growing research on the role of "brain exercise" for brain fitness, one of the promising areas being discussed this week during the 37th annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in San Diego.

Health and Medicine-related myths

- Myth 1: It's all in our genes. Reality: A big component of our lifelong brain health and development depends on what we do with our brains. Our own actions, not only our genes, influence our lives to a large extent.

- Myth 2: The field of Brain Fitness is too new to be credible. Reality: The field rests on solid foundations dating back more than a decade - what is new is the number and range of tools that are now starting to be available for healthy individuals.

- Myth 3: Medication is and will remain the only evidence-based intervention for problems such as ADD/ ADHD for many years to come. Reality: Cognitive training programs are starting to show value as complements to drug-based interventions.

Education-related myths

- Myth 4: We need to buy expensive computer-based programs to improve our brains. Reality: Every time we learn a new skill, concept or fact, we change the physical composition of our brains. Lifelong learning means lifelong neuroplasticity.

- Myth 5: Schools should just focus on basic skills like Reading and Math. Reality: "Mental muscles," such as working memory, are fundamental to academic performance and are currently overlooked by the school system.

Corporate Training myths

- Myth 6: On-the-job training is the only way to train one's mind. Reality: Computer-based programs can be more effective at developing specific "mental muscles."

- Myth 7: Brain exercise is only for seniors. And, only about memory. Reality: People of all ages can benefit from a variety of regular brain exercises. For active professionals, managing stress and emotions is often a good first step.

- Myth 8: This all sounds too soft to be of real value to business people. Reality: There is nothing soft about the hard science-based training of specific cognitive and emotional skills.

Gaming-related myths

- Myth 9: Videogames are always a waste of time. Reality: Scientifically designed, computer-based programs can be a good vehicle for training specific skills. For example, it has been shown that short term memory can be expanded by such programs.

- Myth 10: This means kids will spend more time playing videogames. Reality: In Japan - the world's earliest adopter of brain-related videogames - overall home videogame sales have declined, with children playing less over time. Interestingly, adults in Japan have started to play brain-related videogames more. 

 For more information about health and fitness and the brain, visit www.SharpBrains.com.



Eye Injury reveals Brain Injury

Any blast that impacts the eye is a "head injury" and impacts the brain as well.  Glenn Minney lost most of his sight from a combat explosion. But it wasn't just the injuries to his eyes that cost him his vision it was also damage to his brain.  

Minney, then a Navy corpsman, was wounded when a mortar landed near him in Haditha, Iraq, in 2005. The blast threw him 30 feet. His back struck a metal railing, whipping his head backward. He lost his right eye. Vision in his left eye is impaired from physical injury and brain damage, he says.

An emerging threat from the fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan is damage to the brain that affects vision, Pentagon and Department of Veterans Affairs medical researchers say. This type of injury could mean that there are thousands of veterans with undiagnosed vision problems, says Tom Zampieri, of the Blinded Veterans Association.

Doctors didn't find Minney's neurological damage until after he left the military and was screened for brain injuries by the VA. "The public doesn't know the true extent of these (brain) injuries," says Minney, 40, married and the father of two. He's now a patient advocate for the VA in Frankfort, Ohio.

Concerns about eye injuries have prompted federal legislation that would create a $5 million Pentagon-based center for research and treatment of injured eyes. It also would create a registry to track eye wounds.

Minney suffered severe vision loss. Researchers are finding that less-severe vision problems also can occur among troops who suffer minor brain concussions from combat, particularly exposure to a blast. "There are a lot of patients who have suffered mild to moderate brain injuries. Upon initial examination their eyes looked healthy, but they were still reporting problems with their vision," says R. Cameron VanRoekel, an Army optometrist at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington.

Gregory Goodrich, a research psychologist at VA facilities in Palo Alto, Calif., had similar findings in a study of 101 Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans with mild traumatic brain injuries. Many are still in the service.

Goodrich found that 40% to 45% of the patients suffered vision loss even though their eyes were physically healthy. The biggest problem was an inability for both eyes to operate precisely together. This can lead to eye strain and blurred vision.

Left undiagnosed, it can also hamper vocational or educational training and aggravate depression and post-traumatic-stress disorder, Goodrich says. Veterans may need an eye care specialist and corrective eyewear, he says.

But Goodrich fears that routine eye examinations may not uncover the problems. "In many cases, we're seeing active-duty troops, and they want to get back and join their units," he says. "So they don't want to hear that there's something they need to go get treated for."

Scientists: Brain injuries from war worse than thought

USA Today reports that blast injuries are producing more damage than previously realized.  The war in Iraq will be no different in producing a "signature wound" only this time the wound is in the brains of those affected. Medical experts are witnessing an emerging and significant increase in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).

The new findings are the result of blast experiments in recent years on animals, followed by microscopic examination of brain tissue. The findings could mean that the number of brain-injured soldiers and Marines — many of whom appear unhurt after exposure to a blast — may be far greater than reported, says Ibolja Cernak, a scientist with the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

Blast injuries are getting the attention of the war as a laboratory.  And now that attention is revealing what is already known from other familiar mechanisms of injury:  brain injury occurs at the cellular level.

The North American Brain Injury Society formed a committee to examine blast injuries.  Dr. Mariusz Ziejewski, biomechanical engineer, is heading that effort.  For more information go to http://www.nabis.org/public/message.shtml

Awakenings

60 Minutes just aired an incredible piece on new findings for brain injured people in a minimally conscious state. 

The story describes fireman Don Herbert who was injured when a roof fell on him while making a rescue attempt.  Unconscious for 10 years, Don is shown waking up and being aware of the fact that he was "gone."

The next story is of George Menendez who also sustained brain injury and was minimally conscious.  His mother thought to give him Ambien for sleep one night when he was moaning.  George, for the first time, opened his eyes and was able to communicate with his family.

Experts believe there is a subset of brain injured people who may respond to Ambien.  PET scans were done before and after Ambien was ingested and the results were remarkable.  The brain showed distinctive functioning after Ambien.

This is an exciting discovery and I hope there is more to come.  To see the amazing 12 minute video click here.

Redskin's Taylor possible Brain Damage

The National Football League's Sean Taylor, a star defensive player for the Washington Redskins, was in critical condition after being shot at his home near Miami by a suspected intruder on Monday, police said.

Taylor, 24, who was the Redskins' first pick in the 2004 draft, was airlifted to Miami's Jackson Memorial Hospital for treatment, police said.

The Miami Herald newspaper reported that Taylor and his girlfriend were startled after hearing an intruder at the rear door of his home and said Taylor, who suffered severe blood loss, was wounded by a gunshot to the groin.

Police declined to confirm those details, including the Herald's report that Taylor faced possible brain injury due to blood loss, but said he remained in critical condition on Monday evening.

Read the full article here.

TBI Rehabilitation Comment

I received a comment on my blog entry titled "TBI Rehabilitation" posted on by attorney Steve Doroghazi.  His wife Cynthia underwent surgery in 1990 that left her permanently brain injured. 

Fortunately Cynthia went on to recover from many of her impairments and graduated college some years later.

Cynthia has written a book which can be reviewed at http://www.newriverpublications.com/Searching_for_the_Open_Door.html

I am always appreciative and very interested in the writing and publication efforts of those who suffer brain injury.  Please take a look at Cynthia's work.

Thank you Steve for sharing this wonderful comment:

As an attorney and husband of a medical malpractice TBI PATIENT, I agree with your observations completely. My wife, Cynthia suffered a traumatic brain injury during a routine operation at George Washington University Medical Center in May 1990. That operation was designed to correct a condition known as hydrocephalus (water on the brain), by inserting a VP shunt in the meninges of her brain, thereby relieving intracranial pressure caused by the hydrocephalus. Unfortunately, a bleed occurred during the operation and went undetected long enough for her brain to begin collapsing in on itself, long enough for her to experience respiratory failure, and long enough for her to suffer permanent neurological damage.

After spending three months in the hospital, Cynthia was transferred by ambulance to Magee Rehabilitation hospital (Magee) in Philadelphia. After three months of intensive therapy at Magee, she was able to walk, with a quad cane, about sixty feet at a time. While she still wore diapers, her feeding tube had been removed, and she was beginning to communicate on an adult level, although with a flat affect to her speech. You can see from the photos on her web site that Cynthia has progressed far beyond this point, and far beyond all doctors' predictions.

Twenty-two months after her release from Magee, Cynthia resumed her master's program at The Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies(SAIS)as a Philip Merrill fellow. She graduated in 1994; and, in 1995, her medical malpractice case was tried before the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.

Wanting to tell her amazing story and, simultaneously, communicate her messages of hope, inspiration and the overall power of family, friends and prayer, Cynthia has written a book - Searching For The Open Door, A Woman's Struggle For Survival After A Traumatic Brain Injury. Cynthia plans to donate ten to twenty percent of book sales to Magee. This is her attempt to "give back" and provide others with the hope and inspiration to put up a good fight. To read a sample chapter of Cynthia's book, go to: http://www.newriverpublications.com/Searching_for_the_Open_Door.html

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

PET is a very uselful procedure in assessing brain function after brain injury.  When procedure results are compared to neuropsychological findings, treatment can be specified to enhance recovery.

Definition
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance (called a tracer) to look for disease in the body. Unlike magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans, which reveal the structure of organs, a PET scan shows how the organs and tissues are functioning.

PET scans use a small amount of a radioactive substance injected into a vein, usually on the inside of the elbow. The substance travels through the blood and collects in organs or tissues.

The scan begins approximately 60 minutes after receiving the radioactive substance. The individual then lies on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped hole in the center of the PET scanner.

The PET machine detects energy given off by the radioactive substance and converts it into 3-dimensional pictures. The images are sent to a computer, where they are displayed on a monitor for the physician to read.

The test takes about 30 minutes.

How to Prepare for the Test
You must sign a consent form before having this test. You will be told not to eat anything for 4 - 6 hours before the PET scan, although you will be able to drink water.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or think you might be pregnant.

Also tell your doctor about any prescription and over-the-counter medicines that you are taking, because they may interfere with the test.

Be sure to mention if you have any allergies, or if you've had any recent imaging studies using injected dye (contrast).

During the test, you may need to wear a hospital gown. Take off any jewelry, dentures, and other metal objects because they could affect the scan results.

Why the Test is Performed
A PET scan can reveal the size, shape, position, and function of the brain and other organs.  It is used to diagnose cancer, heart problems, and brain disorders. It can see how far cancer has spread, reveal areas of poor blood flow to the heart, and check brain function.

Normal Results
A normal scan reveals no problems in the size, shape, or position of an organ. An abnormal scan reveals areas in which the radiotracer has abnormally collected.

Risks
The amount of radiation used in a PET scan is low. It is about the same amount of radiation as in most CT scans. Also, the radiation doesn't last for very long in your body.

However, women who are pregnant or are breastfeeding should let their doctor know before having this test. Infants and fetuses are more sensitive to the effects of radiation because their organs are still growing.

It is possible, although very unlikely, to have an allergic reaction to the radioactive tracer. Some people have pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site.




National Guard Checked for Brain Injury

The National Guard is now being checked for signs and symptoms of brain injury with comparisons to base line data.

Beth Pearson, senior research associate at Dartmouth Medical School in New Hampshire and the principal investigator on the National Guard project, said Thursday that explosive devices used in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are causing traumatic brain injuries in many service members. But without a pre-deployment baseline, it's impossible to tell whether an individual's abnormal brain function predates deployment or is related to military service, she said.

"Now we'll have a baseline measure of the neurological functioning of each person, and they'll be retested on their return for any changes," she said. That will help doctors determine which areas of the brain have been injured and improve medical treatment. Veterans Affairs officials at Togus are supportive of the project, Pearson added.

Read the full article here.

The Importance of Neuropsychology in the Military

U.S. Rep. Harry E. Mitchell today joined members of an inter-organizational Military TBI Task Force by endorsing a paper highlighting the important role that neuropsychology plays in treating combat-related traumatic brain injury.

The paper, The Role of Neuropsychology and Rehabilitation Psychology in the Evaluation, Management and Research of Military Veterans with Traumatic Brain Injury, is currently in press and an executive summary will be released Nov. 13 at a press conference at the National Academy of Neuropsychology's 27th Annual Conference. The Military TBI Task Force, led by Drs. Neil Pliskin and Mike McCrea, were comprised of members from the American Psychological Association Divisions 40 (Neuropsychology) and 22 (Rehabilitation Psychology), the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, and the National Academy Neuropsychology (NAN).

"Traumatic brain injury is one of the signature injuries of the current war," said Mitchell, who has held hearings on the trouble facing troops returning from war. "Better field medicine is bringing more of our troops home alive, but they are suffering from combat-related TBI or PTSD in greater numbers than in past wars. We owe it to them to invest in this kind of research that will help improve their quality of life in the years to come."

Frequently brain injury is not detected in emergency rooms.  Brain injury, especially mild brain injury, is undetected on MRI or CT.  The use of neuropsychological tests are often the best and only way to diagnose and treat brain injury.  It is only with hindsight of past war veteran's medical treatment that the horrifying realities thier wounds is now appreciated.  Bravo to the efforts being made now to alter past mistakes.

Brain Damaged Lawyer Sues Bus Company

The reality of disability from brain injury can be seen in cases where individuals lose their ability to retain employment or function competitively at their job.  In cases of professionals like doctors, lawyers, engineers and others, this disability is a sensitive issue.

Cognitive impairments can diminish important aspects of a career.  Straying from the cutting edge of ones practice can seriously alter the effectiveness of that practice.  Lack of Initiative, insight, and abstract thinking, to name a few of the impairments associated with brain injury, can make former employment impossible.

For instance, The Louisville Kentucky Courier-Journal and United Press International reported a case of a former lawyer suing a transportation provider in Kentucky for not taking action to prevent a bus crash that left him incapable of practicing law.

Kevin Halbe, a former managing partner for Wyatt Tarrant & Combs in Louisville is suing the Transit Authority of River City for a 2005 traffic accident that left him with a traumatic brain injury that changed his life.

Hable contends TARC officials should have acted to prevent bus driver, Terra Walter, a convicted drug user, from operating the vehicle that smashed into his car.

Walter was fired by the transportation group three times prior to the accident in Louisville for her questionable behavior and Hable's attorneys allege medical tests have shown she was likely high at the time of the accident.

To Hable, the traffic accident completely changed his life. His attempt to gain $6.4 million in lost income plus punitive damages will begin in Jefferson Circuit Court on Tuesday, November 13.

Wounded GI's and Brain Injury

More than 800 of them have lost an arm, a leg, fingers or toes. More than 100 are blind. Dozens need tubes and machines to keep them alive. Hundreds are disfigured by burns, and thousands have brain injuries and mangled minds.

Soldiers hit in the head or knocked out by blasts — "getting your bell rung" is the military euphemism — sometimes have no visible wounds but a fog of war in their minds. They can be addled, irritable, depressed and unaware they are impaired.

Only an estimated 2,000 cases of brain injury have been treated, but doctors think many less obvious cases have gone undetected. One small study found that more than half of one group of wounded troops arriving at Walter Reed Army Medical Center had brain injuries. Around the nation, a new effort is under way to check every returning man and woman for this possibility.

Continue Reading...

BIAA Legislative Update November 2007

Congress passed the Fiscal Year 2008 Labor-HHS-Education appropriations bill this week, including some important funding increases for TBI programs, including the HRSA Federal TBI program and the TBI Model Systems of Care program.


The Labor-HHS-Education spending measure will now be sent to President Bush, who has pledged to veto it, because it contains $9.8 billion more than he requested in his budget earlier this year.


BIAA has also been busy on Capitol Hill working on several other issues this past week, including pushing for the inclusion of important TBI provisions in the final defense authorization bill.

Punch leads to Brain Injury & Death

Brain injury does not only occur in violent car crashes.  In fact, from cases I have been involved in, I know that brain injury can occur in single blows to the head.  Similar to the "Hollywood Myth" of recovery after a fight or being knocked unconcious - think common western bar room brawl, or Captain Kirk punching an an alien intruder in Star Trek - people do not generally associate serious brain injury with a single punch or smack in the head.  Those knocked unconcious in movies always return fully recovered in the next scene.  That is a myth.

For instance, The Boston Globe recently reported a group of teenagers was harassing a Mattapan man last spring, when one of the boys punched the man in the face, causing him to fall and hit his head on the pavement, police said yesterday.

About a week later, the man, 41-year-old Michael Hansbury, died of complications of a brain injury. Yesterday, a 15-year-old boy was arrested at William McKinley South End Academy on charges of manslaughter.

To read the full article click hear.

Bruce Springsteen on Veterans

Seems like the political mood is affecting everyone.  From the president to rock stars, wounded veterans of war are getting their attention.

It was an unlikely combination of entertainers: Bruce Springsteen singing "Thunder Road," a Marine Corps band playing taps and "Amazing Grace," Robin Williams cracking off-color jokes.

They all shared the stage Wednesday night at a star-studded Manhattan benefit for wounded U.S. service members, organized by ABC's Bob Woodruff. The newsman became a champion of the cause after he was nearly killed by a roadside bomb while working in Iraq last year.

To read the full article click here.

Bush on Veterans Injury

President Bush paid an emotional visit Thursday to soldiers maimed or badly burned in combat and said his administration is determined to mend the nation's system of caring for veterans.

It seems a good move politically since the attention on the care of military personnel is so ripe.

Medical advances provide troops with treatment unimaginable just a decade ago, but the system for managing that care has lagged, Bush said.

"Our system needs to be modernized," the president said after touring a new $45 million, privately funded rehabilitation center for veterans at Brooke Army Medical Center.

To read the full article click here.

Cheating to Stay

USA Today reports that military personnel are cheating on tests designed to detect brain injury to stay with their units.

By cheating troops risk being "exposed to a second concussion or mild traumatic brain injury. It could have more devastating effects not only on their health, but on the mission's success, or perhaps on the safety of the people on their patrol."

About one-third of war casualties brought to Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., have some form of brain injury, Army records show.

The Pentagon lists 4,471 brain-injured casualties from Iraq and Afghanistan, but the actual number is likely higher because many cases go undetected.

Read the full article here.

Tell Congress to Enact Increased Funding for TBI Programs

Urge Adoption of Higher Funding Allocation for TBI Programs in Senate Version of FY08 Labor-HHS-Education Spending Bill

Conferees are expected to formally meet this week to hammer out final details on the Fiscal Year 2008 Labor-HHS-Education appropriations bill. If you have not already done so, please urge your representatives in Congress to support the highest possible funding in the final Labor-HHS-Education conference bill for TBI programs.

Do find out how click here!

United Kingdom follows United States

The British government is conducting a survey of its soldiers to determine if those exposed to powerful explosions in Iraq and Afghanistan have suffered mild traumatic brain injuries, the Ministry of Defense said Saturday.

The ministry said it has begun distributing questionnaires to British troops in both countries as part of a self-assessment program to see if they have symptoms such as memory loss, depression and anxiety.

The Guardian newspaper, which first reported the survey, said it followed concerns within the U.S. Army that up to 20 percent of its returning soldiers and Marines were suffering from these conditions.

To read the full article click here.

Bush Nominates New Veterans Secretary

President Bush said that retired Army Lt. Gen. James Peake, chosen on Tuesday to head the embattled Veterans Affairs Department, will work to end months-long delays facing hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops trying to get treatment and benefits.

Peake, 63, a medical doctor who has spent 40 years in military medicine, retired from the Army in 2004 after being at the helm in several medical posts, including four years as the U.S. Army surgeon general.

Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and other Democrats sent Bush a letter on Monday, complaining about delays.

Bush set up a presidential commission chaired by former Sen. Bob Dole, R-Kan., and Donna Shalala, former Health and Human Services secretary during the Clinton administration.

The panel urged broad changes to veterans' care that would boost benefits to family members caring for the wounded, establish an easy-to-use Web site for medical records and overhaul the way disability pay is awarded. It also recommended stronger partnerships between the Pentagon and the private sector to boost treatment for traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Anthony Principi, a former veterans affairs secretary, said Peake should not be expected to oversee reforms of an outdated veterans benefits system all by himself. "Clearly, it does need to be reformed," Principi told White House reporters after Bush announced his pick. "It's going to take a lot of consensus building among the veterans groups and the Congress."

Peake currently is chief medical director and chief operating officer of QTC Management Inc., which provides government-outsourced occupational health, injury and disability examination services.

He is the son of a medical services officer and an Army nurse and he graduated in 1966 from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He served in Vietnam as a platoon leader with the 101st Airborne Division and was awarded the Silver Star and two Purple Hearts.

Peake was wounded twice in battle and received his acceptance letter to Cornell University Medical College while he was recovering in a hospital. As a medical officer and combat veteran who was wounded in action, Peake understands the view from "both sides of the hospital bed — the doctor's and the patient's," Bush said.

During his decades-long career in military medicine, Peake was surgeon general of the U.S. Army, commanding 50,000 medical personnel and 187 army medical facilities across the world. He also was commanding general of the U.S. Army Medical Department Center and School.

From 2004 to 2006, Peake was executive vice president and chief operating officer of Project HOPE, a nonprofit international health foundation. While at HOPE, he helped organize civilian volunteers aboard the Navy hospital ship Mercy as it responded to the tsunami in Indonesia and aboard the hospital ship Comfort during its response to Hurricane Katrina.

What is Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), traumatic injuries to the brain, also called intracranial injury, or simply head injury, occurs when a sudden trauma causes brain damage. TBI can result from a closed head injury or a penetrating head injury and is one of two subsets of acquired brain injury (ABI). The other subset is non-traumatic brain injury (e.g. stroke, meningitis, anoxia). Parts of the brain that can be damaged include the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem. TBI can cause a host of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social effects.

Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain. Outcome can be anything from complete recovery to permanent disability or death.

How Can We Prevent TBI?

Unlike most neurological disorders, head injuries can be prevented. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have suggested taking the following safety precautions for reducing the risk of suffering a TBI.


Wearing a seatbelt when driving or riding in a car.


Buckling children into a child safety seat, booster seat, or seatbelt (depending on the child's age) every time the child rides in a car.


Wearing a helmet and making sure children wear helmets when riding a bike or motorcycle;


playing a contact sport such as American football or ice hockey;


using in-line skates or riding a skateboard;


batting and running bases in baseball or softball;


riding a horse;


rock climbing;


sledding;


skiing or snowboarding.


Keeping firearms and bullets stored in a locked cabinet when not in use.


Avoiding falls by using a step-stool with a grab bar to reach objects on high shelves;


installing handrails on stairways;


installing window guards to keep young children from falling out of open windows;


using safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs when young children are around.


Using only playgrounds with surfaces made of shock-absorbing material (e.g., hardwood mulch, sand).

International Brain Injury Association

The International Brain Injury Association (IBIA) is preparing for its annual convention.  This year they are back in Lisbon.  These conferences draw international participants.  For more information click here

Skateboard Injuries

With the current youth's opinion that helmets and protective padding standing strong are "dorky" or "uncool," most children skating in skate parks choose not to wear them. And considering the parks remain unsupervised, skate-at-your-own-risk facilities, it has become easier then ever to get away with it.

Helmets have been shown in studies to reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent and the risk of brain injury by 90 percent.

According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, more than 15,600 persons need hospital emergency room treatment each year for injuries related to skateboarding. Fractures are frequent occurrences, and death as a result of collisions with motor vehicles and falls are also reported.

Neurosurgeon Dr. David Shafron said skateboard injuries are common among patients he sees annually, with concussions ranking highest among these injuries.

"Concussions are by far the most common thing I see, meaning their level of alertness has been altered in any way, they are not necessarily knocked out," he said. "I usually get more involved when there's a loss of consciousness or skull fracture."

These statistics are serious.  My own children are not enticed by skateboards (thank goodness) yet they do love to glide around on "wheelies."  It scares me to death.

I remember as a child never wearing a helmet to ride my 10 speed.  But who would do so today?  The fact is safety may not be fashionable but it should be.

TBI Epidemiology

TBI is a major public health problem, especially among males ages 15 to 24, and among elderly people of both sexes 75 years and older. Children aged 5 and younger are also at high risk for TBI. Males account for two thirds of childhood and adolescent head trauma patients.
Each year in the United States:
approximately 1 million head-injured people are treated in hospital emergency rooms,
approximately 270,000 people experience a moderate or severe TBI,
approximately 60,000 new cases of epilepsy occur as a result of head trauma,
approximately 50,000 people die from head injury,
approximately 230,000 people are hospitalized for TBI and survive,
and approximately 80,000 of these survivors live with significant disabilities as a result.

TBI Causes

Half of all TBIs are due to transportation accidents involving automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians. These accidents are the major cause of TBI in people under age 75.

For those 75 and older, falls cause the majority of TBIs.

Approximately 20% of TBIs are due to violence, such as firearm assaults and child abuse, and about 3% are due to sports injuries. Fully half of TBI incidents involve alcohol use.

Traumatic brain injury is a frequent cause of major long-term disability in individuals surviving head injuries sustained in war zones. This is becoming an issue of growing concern in modern warfare in which rapid deployment of acute interventions are effective in saving the lives of combatants with significant head injuries. Traumatic brain injury has been identified as the "signature injury" among wounded soldiers of the current military engagement in Iraq (see: Iraq war's signature wound: Brain injury).

TBI Types

The damage from TBI can be focal, confined to one area of the brain, or diffuse, involving more than one area of the brain. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with concussion (a shaking of the brain in response to sudden motion of the head), diffuse axonal injury, or coma. Localized injuries may be associated with neurobehavioral manifestations, hemiparesis or other focal neurologic deficits.

Types of focal brain injury include bruising of brain tissue called a contusion and intracranial hemorrhage or hematoma, heavy bleeding in the skull. Hemorrhage, due to rupture of a blood vessel in the head, can be extra-axial, meaning it occurs within the skull but outside of the brain, or intra-axial, occurring within the brain. Extra-axial hemorrhages can be further divided into subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. An epidural hematoma involves bleeding into the area between the skull and the dura. With a subdural hematoma, bleeding is confined to the area between the dura and the arachnoid membrane. A subarachnoid hemorrhage involves bleeding into the space between the surface of the brain and the arachnoid membrane that lies just above the surface of the brain, usually resulting from a tear in a blood vessel on the surface of the brain. Bleeding within the brain itself is called an intracerebral hematoma. Intra-axial bleeds are further divided into intraparenchymal hemorrhage which occurs within the brain tissue itself and intraventricular hemorrhage which occurs into the ventricular system.

TBI can result from a closed head injury or a penetrating head injury. A closed injury occurs when the head suddenly and violently hits an object but the object does not break through the skull. A penetrating injury occurs when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue.

As the first line of defense, the skull is particularly vulnerable to injury. Skull fractures occur when a bone in the skull cracks or breaks. A depressed skull fracture occurs when pieces of the broken skull press into the tissue of the brain. A penetrating skull fracture occurs when something pierces the skull, such as a bullet, leaving a distinct and localized traumatic injury to brain tissue. Skull fractures can cause cerebral contusion.

Another insult to the brain that can cause injury is anoxia. Anoxia is a condition in which there is an absence of oxygen supply to an organ's tissues, even if there is adequate blood flow to the tissue. Hypoxia refers to a decrease in oxygen supply rather than a complete absence of oxygen, and ischemia is inadequate blood supply, as is seen in cases in which the brain swells. In any of these cases, without adequate oxygen, a biochemical cascade called the ischemic cascade is unleashed, and the cells of the brain can die within several minutes. This type of injury is often seen in near-drowning victims, in heart attack patients (particularly those who have suffered a cardiac arrest), or in people who suffer significant blood loss from other injuries that then causes a decrease in blood flow to the brain due to circulatory (hypovolemic) shock.

TBI Treatment

Medical care usually begins when paramedics or emergency medical technicians arrive on the scene of an accident or when a TBI patient arrives at the emergency department of a hospital. Because little can be done to reverse the initial brain damage caused by trauma, medical personnel try to stabilize the patient and focus on preventing further injury. Primary concerns include insuring proper oxygen supply, maintaining adequate blood flow, and controlling blood pressure. Since many head-injured patients may also have spinal cord injuries, the patient is placed on a back-board and in a neck restraint to prevent further injury to the head and spinal cord.

Medical personnel assess the patient's condition by measuring vital signs and reflexes and by performing a neurological examination. They check the patient's temperature, blood pressure, pulse, breathing rate, and pupil size and response to light. They assess the patient's level of consciousness and neurological functioning using the Glasgow Coma Scale.

Imaging tests help in determining the diagnosis and prognosis of a TBI patient. Patients with mild to moderate injuries may receive skull and neck X-rays to check for bone fractures. For moderate to severe cases, the gold standard imaging test is a computed tomography (CT) scan, which creates a series of cross-sectional X-ray images of the head and brain and can show bone fractures as well as the presence of hemorrhage, hematomas, contusions, brain tissue swelling, and tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used after the initial assessment and treatment of the TBI patient. MRI uses magnetic fields to detect subtle changes in brain tissue content and can show more detail than X-rays or CT. The use of CT and MRI is standard in TBI treatment, but other imaging and diagnostic techniques that may be used to confirm a particular diagnosis include cerebral angiography, electroencephalography (EEG), transcranial Doppler ultrasound, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Approximately half of severely head-injured patients will need surgery to remove or repair hematomas or contusions. Patients may also need surgery to treat injuries in other parts of the body. These patients usually go to the intensive care unit after surgery.

Sometimes when the brain is injured swelling occurs and fluids accumulate within the brain space. It is normal for bodily injuries to cause swelling and disruptions in fluid balance. But when an injury occurs inside the skull-encased brain, there is no place for swollen tissues to expand and no adjoining tissues to absorb excess fluid. This leads to increased pressure is called intracranial pressure (ICP). High ICP can cause delicate brain tissue to be crushed, or parts of the brain to herniate across structures within the skull, causing severe damage.

Medical personnel measure a patient's ICP using a probe or catheter. The instrument is inserted through the skull to the subarachnoid level and is connected to a monitor that registers the patient's ICP. If a patient has high ICP, he or she may undergo a ventriculostomy, a procedure that drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricles to bring the pressure down by way of an external ventricular drain (EVD).

Barbiturates can be used to decrease ICP; mannitol was thought to be useful, but it appears likely that the studies suggesting that it was of use may have been falsified

Decompressive craniectomy is a last-resort surgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed in an attempt to reduce severely high ICP.

TBI Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation is an important and critical part of the recovery process for a TBI patient. During the acute stage, moderately to severely injured patients may receive treatment and care in an intensive care unit of a hospital followed by movement to a step-down unit or to a neurosurgical ward. Once medically stable, the patient may be transferred to a subacute unit of the medical center, to a long-term acute care (LTAC) facility, to a rehabilitation inpatient treatment unit contained within the acute trauma center, or to an independent off-site or 'free-standing' rehabilitation hospital. Patients are best managed on an inpatient treatment unit that has a specialty focus in Brain Injury Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation programs may be reviewed and accredited for this type of specialty care by the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities.

Decisions regarding when and where an individual should be treated at a particular point during the recovery process are complex and depend on many different factors including the level to which the person can be engaged actively and can participate to some degree in the rehabilitation process. Moderately to severely injured patients may receive specialized rehabilitation treatment that draws on the skills and knowledge of many specialists, involving treatment programs in the areas of physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech/language therapy, physiatry (medical specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation), psychology, psychiatry, and social work, among others. The services and efforts of this team of healthcare professionals are generally applied to the practical concerns of and the pragmatic problems encountered by the brain injury survivor in their daily life. This treatment program is generally provided through a coordinated and self-organized process in the context of a transdisciplinary model of team healthcare delivery. This model keeps the primary focus on the overarching goal of optimizing patient function and independence through the coordinated application of discipline-specific expertise brought to bear on this issue by individual experts from various specific disciplinary backgrounds.

The overall goal of rehabilitation after a TBI is to improve the patient's ability to function at home and in society in the face of the residual effects of the injury, which may be complex and multifaceted (see Disabilities resulting from TBI section above). Therapists help the patient adapt to disabilities or change the patient's living space and conditions to make everyday activities easier and to accommodate residual impairments. Education and training for identified caregivers who will be involved in assisting the patient after discharge are also critically important components of the rehabilitation program.
Once the patient has been discharged from the inpatient rehabilitation treatment unit, the outpatient phase of care begins and goals often will shift from assisting the person to achieve independence in basic routines of daily living to assessing and treating broader psychosocial issues associated with long-term adjustment and community re-integration. Patients/clients will often have problems in the areas of general cognition, social cognition/awareness, behavior and emotional regulation that present significant challenges, in terms of being able to resume expected social roles. Often these problems are complicated by adjustment issues that emerge as the person becomes more aware of their residual deficits and faces the challenges of coming to terms with the long-term effects of the injury. Other concerns such as posttraumatic stress disorder associated with preserved remembrance of emotionally provocative circumstances of injury, may emerge and complicate the recovery process.
An additional goal of the rehabilitation program is to prevent, wherever possible, but otherwise to diagnose and treat in an efficient and effective manner, any complications (e.g. posttraumatic hydrocephalus, neuro-endocrine deficiencies, adjustment reactions, deep venous thromboembolism, etc.) that may cause additional morbidity and mortality.

Some patients may need medication for psychiatric and physical problems resulting from the TBI, and various medications are available that may lessen or moderate the problematic manifestations of the injury without directly altering the underlying pathology. Great care must be taken in prescribing medications because TBI patients are more susceptible to side effects and may react adversely to some pharmacological agents or may be inordinately sensitive to them, for example, due to a more permeable blood-brain barrier that may result from injury effects.

It is important for the family caregivers to provide assistance and encouragement for the patient by being involved in the rehabilitation program. Family members may also benefit from psychotherapy and social support services. Support for caregivers becomes particularly important during the outpatient phase of care when behavioral and cognitive problems may complicate and impair the relationships that patients have with those around them. Major challenges occur in sustaining these relationships, particularly in the context of marriage, when the impact of the injury significantly alters the relationship in such a way that the resumption of an adult-level interactive relationship may be deeply undermined.
It should be noted that similar principles of rehabilitation for diffuse brain injury can be applied to individuals with brain injury of both traumatic and nontraumatic etiologies. Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) is an all-encompassing term that can be applied to the various etiologies producing global encephalopathies with diffuse and/or multi-focal brain dysfunction that is precipitated during life in a previously fully functional individual. The etiologic processes associated with ABI can be subdivided into those related to trauma and those not directly related to trauma. TBI can therefore be viewed as a particular instance of ABI caused by trauma, and the principles of rehabilitation referred to here for TBI can be readily adapted and applied to individuals with all forms of ABI, independent of specific etiology.
Caretakers of traumatically brain injured patients can often feel a great deal of emotional stress, which can reduce the quality of care. Respite care such as supported living and residential holidays, supported days out doing activities like walking, cycling, kayaking and climbing offers relief for them and a new area of brain stimulation for the patient. When dealing with caretakers, providers of respite care need to be sensitive and reassuring, and should be aware that some caretakers may have feelings of guilt or inadequacy.

TBI Signs and Symptoms

Some symptoms are evident immediately, while others do not surface until several days or weeks after the injury.

With mild TBI, the patient may remain conscious or may lose consciousness for a few seconds or minutes. The person may also feel dazed or not like him- or herself for several days or weeks after the initial injury. Other symptoms include:
headache
mental confusion
lightheadedness
dizziness
double vision, blurred vision, or tired eyes
ringing in the ears
bad taste in the mouth
fatigue or lethargy
a change in sleep patterns
behavioral or mood changes
trouble with memory, concentration, or calculation
symptoms may remain the same or get better; worsening symptoms indicate a more severe injury

With moderate or severe TBI, the patient may show these same symptoms, but may also have:
loss of consciousness
personality change
a severe, persistent, or worsening headache
repeated vomiting or nausea
seizures
inability to awaken
dilation (widening) of one or both pupils
slurred speech
weakness or numbness in the extremities
loss of coordination
increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation
vomiting and neurological deficit (e.g. weakness in a limb) together are important indicators of prognosis and their presence may warrant early CT scanning and neurosurgical intervention.

Small children with moderate to severe TBI may show some of these signs as well as signs specific to young children, including:
persistent crying
inability to be consoled
refusal to nurse or eat

Anyone with signs of moderate or severe TBI should receive immediate emergency medical attention.

Pathophysiology

Unlike most forms of traumatic death, a large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event. In addition, rather than improving after being hospitalized, some 40% of TBI patients deteriorate. Primary injury (the damage that occurs at the moment of trauma when tissues and blood vessels are stretched, compressed, and torn) is not adequate to explain this degeneration. Rather, the deterioration is caused by secondary injury, a complex set of biochemical cascades that occur in the minutes to days following the trauma and contribute a large amount to morbidity and mortality from TBI.

Secondary injury events are poorly understood but are thought to include brain swelling, alterations in cerebral blood flow, a decrease in the tissues' pH, free radical overload, and excitotoxicity. These secondary processes damage neurons that were not directly harmed by the primary injury.

What are the effects of TBI?

The results of traumatic brain injury vary widely in type and duration. A head injured patient may experience physical effects of the trauma such as headaches, movement disorders (e.g. Parkinsonism), seizures, difficulty walking, sexual dysfunction, lethargy, or coma. Cognitive symptoms include changes in judgment or ability to reason or plan, memory problems, and loss of mathematical ability. Emotional problems include mood swings, poor impulse control, agitation, low frustration threshold, self-centeredness, depression, and psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

Effects on consciousness

Generally, there are six abnormal states of consciousness that can result from a TBI: stupor, coma, persistent vegetative state, minimally conscious state, locked-in syndrome, and brain death.

Stupor is a state in which the patient is unresponsive but can be aroused briefly by a strong stimulus, such as sharp pain. Coma is a state in which the patient is totally unconscious, unresponsive, unaware, and unarousable.

Patients in a persistent vegetative state are unconscious and unaware of their surroundings, but they continue to have a sleep-wake cycle and can have periods of alertness. A vegetative state can result from diffuse injury to the cerebral hemispheres of the brain without damage to the lower brain and brainstem. Anoxia, or lack of oxygen to the brain, which is a common complication of cardiac arrest, can also bring about a vegetative state.

Patients in a minimally conscious state have a reduced level of arousal and may appear, on the surface, to be in a persistent vegetative state but are capable of demonstrating the ability to actively process information. In the minimally conscious state a patient exhibits deliberate, or cognitively mediated, behavior often enough, or consistently enough, for clinicians to be able to distinguish it from the entirely unconscious, reflexive responses that are seen in the persistent vegetative state. Differentiating a patient in a persistent vegetative state from one in a minimally conscious state can be challenging but remains a critically important clinical task.

Locked-in syndrome is a condition in which a patient is aware and awake, but cannot move or communicate due to complete paralysis of the body.

Brain death is the lack of measurable brain function due to diffuse damage to the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem, with loss of any integrated activity among distinct areas of the brain. Brain death is irreversible. Removal of assistive devices will result in immediate cardiac arrest and cessation of breathing.

Recent studies have brought into question the nature of coma and consciousness in TBI. For example, a 23 year old woman in a vegetative state after a severe brain injury due to a car accident was able to communicate with a team of British researchers at Cambridge University in England via functional magnetic resonance imaging.[7] While cautious about accepting the study's results, Nicholas Schiff, a neurologist at the Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, agrees that the research was groundbreaking. "It's the first time we've ever seen something like this. It really is kind of shocking," he said.

Complications

Sometimes, health complications occur in the period immediately following a TBI. These complications are not types of TBI, but are distinct medical problems that arise as a result of the injury. Although complications are rare, the risk increases with the severity of the trauma.[1] Complications of TBI include immediate seizures, hydrocephalus or post-traumatic ventricular enlargement, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, infections, vascular injuries, cranial nerve injuries, pain, bed sores, multiple organ system failure in unconscious patients, and polytrauma (trauma to other parts of the body in addition to the brain).

Hydrocephalus or post-traumatic ventricular enlargement occurs when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain resulting in dilation of the cerebral ventricles (cavities in the brain filled with CSF) and an increase in ICP. This condition can develop during the acute stage of TBI or may not appear until later. Generally it occurs within the first year of the injury and is characterized by worsening neurological outcome, impaired consciousness, behavioral changes, ataxia (lack of coordination or balance), incontinence, or signs of elevated ICP. The condition may develop as a result of meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hematoma, or other injuries. Treatment includes shunting and draining of CSF as well as any other appropriate treatment for the root cause of the condition.

Skull fractures can tear the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain, leading to CSF leaks. A tear between the dura and the arachnoid membranes, called a CSF fistula, can cause CSF to leak out of the subarachnoid space into the subdural space; this is called a subdural hygroma. CSF can also leak from the nose and the ear. These tears that let CSF out of the brain cavity can also allow air and bacteria into the cavity, possibly causing infections such as meningitis. Pneumocephalus occurs when air enters the intracranial cavity and becomes trapped in the subarachnoid space.

Infections within the intracranial cavity are a dangerous complication of TBI. They may occur outside of the dura mater, below the dura, below the arachnoid (meningitis), or within the brain itself (abscess). Most of these injuries develop within a few weeks of the initial trauma and result from skull fractures or penetrating injuries. Standard treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery to remove the infected tissue. Meningitis may be especially dangerous, with the potential to spread to the rest of the brain and nervous system.

Any damage to the head or brain usually results in some damage to the vascular system, which provides blood to the cells of the brain. The body's immune system can repair damage to small blood vessels, but damage to larger vessels can result in serious complications. Damage to one of the major arteries leading to the brain can cause a stroke, either through bleeding from the artery (hemorrhagic stroke) or through the formation of a clot at the site of injury, called a thrombus or thrombosis, blocking blood flow to the brain (ischemic stroke). Blood clots also can develop in other parts of the head. Symptoms such as headache, vomiting, seizures, paralysis on one side of the body, and semiconsciousness developing within several days of a head injury may be caused by a blood clot that forms in the tissue of one of the sinuses, or cavities, adjacent to the brain.[1] Thrombotic-ischemic strokes are treated with anticoagulants, while surgery is the preferred treatment for hemorrhagic stroke.[1] Other types of vascular injuries include vasospasm and the formation of aneurysms.

Skull fractures, especially at the base of the skull, can cause cranial nerve injuries that result in compressive cranial neuropathies. All but three of the 12 cranial nerves project out from the brainstem to the head and face. The seventh cranial nerve, called the facial nerve, is the most commonly injured cranial nerve in TBI and damage to it can result in paralysis of facial muscles.

Pain, especially headache, is commonly a significant complication for conscious patients in the period immediately following a TBI. Serious complications for patients who are unconscious, in a coma, or in a vegetative state include bed or pressure sores of the skin, recurrent bladder infections, pneumonia or other life-threatening infections, and progressive multiple organ failure.

General trauma

When a person sustains a head injury, other body parts are frequently injured as well. Other medical complications that may accompany a TBI include chest and abdominal trauma; fluid and hormonal imbalances; and other isolated complications, such as bone fractures, nerve injuries, deep vein thrombosis and concomitant risk of pulmonary embolism, excessive blood clotting, and infections.
Fluid and hormonal imbalances can complicate the treatment of hypermetabolism and high intracranial pressure (ICP). Hormonal problems can result from dysfunction of the pituitary, the thyroid, and other glands throughout the body. Two common hormonal complications of TBI are syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) and hypothyroidism.

Trauma victims often develop hypermetabolism or an increased metabolic rate, which leads to an increase in the amount of heat the body produces. The body redirects into heat the energy needed to keep organ systems functioning, causing muscle wasting and the starvation of other tissues. The nutritional management of patients with TBI, including the provision of adequate calories and protein through an available route of administration to balance consumption, is thus critically important in order to avoid complications related to hypermetabolism and resulting malnutrition. Provision of food through a feeding tube may be temporarily necessary to meet the nutritional needs of the patient with a severe TBI, until they are awake and able to eat and swallow safely without risking pulmonary aspiration and the development of aspiration pneumonia. Sometimes the use of parenteral feeding is necessary if the patient has associated injuries or complications that prevent direct access to the digestive system.

Disabilities resulting from TBI

Disabilities resulting from a TBI depend upon the severity of the injury, the location of the injury, and the age and general health of the patient. Some common disabilities include problems with cognition (attention, calculation, memory, judgment, insight, and reasoning), sensory processing (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell), communication (language expression and understanding), social function (empathy, capacity for compassion, interpersonal social awareness and facility) and mental health (depression, anxiety, personality changes, aggression, acting out, and social inappropriateness).

Postconcussion syndrome

Within days to weeks of the head injury approximately 40% of TBI patients develop a host of troubling symptoms collectively called postconcussion syndrome (PCS). A patient need not have suffered a concussion or loss of consciousness to develop the syndrome and many patients with mild TBI suffer from PCS. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, memory problems, trouble concentrating, sleeping problems, restlessness, irritability, apathy, depression, and anxiety. These symptoms may last for a few weeks after the head injury. The syndrome is more prevalent in patients who had psychiatric symptoms, such as depression or anxiety, before the injury. Treatment for PCS may include medicines for pain and psychiatric conditions, and psychotherapy and occupational therapy.

Cognitive problems

Most patients with severe TBI, if they recover consciousness, suffer from cognitive disabilities, including the loss of many higher level mental skills. The most common cognitive impairment among severely head-injured patients is memory loss, characterized by some loss of specific memories and the partial inability to form or store new ones. Some of these patients may experience post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), either anterograde or retrograde. Anterograde PTA is impaired memory of events that happened after the TBI, while retrograde PTA is impaired memory of events that happened before the TBI.
Many patients with mild to moderate head injuries who experience cognitive deficits become easily confused or distracted and have problems with concentration and attention. They also have problems with higher level, so-called executive functions, such as planning, organizing, abstract reasoning, problem solving, and making judgments, which may make it difficult to resume pre-injury work-related activities. Recovery from cognitive deficits is greatest within the first 6 months after the injury and more gradual after that.

Patients with moderate to severe TBI have more problems with cognitive deficits than patients with mild TBI, but a history of several mild TBIs may have an additive effect, causing cognitive deficits equal to a moderate or severe injury.

Language and communication problems are common disabilities in TBI patients. Some may experience aphasia, defined as difficulty with understanding and producing spoken and written language; others may have difficulty with the more subtle aspects of communication, such as body language and emotional, non-verbal signals.

In non-fluent aphasia, also called Broca's aphasia or motor aphasia, TBI patients often have trouble recalling words and speaking in complete sentences. They may speak in broken phrases and pause frequently. Most patients are aware of these deficits and may become extremely frustrated.

Patients with fluent aphasia, also called Wernicke's aphasia or sensory aphasia, display little meaning in their speech, even though they speak in complete sentences and use correct grammar. Instead, they speak in flowing gibberish, drawing out their sentences with non-essential and invented words. Many patients with fluent aphasia are unaware that they make little sense and become angry with others for not understanding them. Patients with global aphasia have extensive damage to the portions of the brain responsible for language and often suffer severe communication disabilities.

TBI patients may have problems with spoken language if the part of the brain that controls speech muscles is damaged. In this disorder, called dysarthria, the patient can think of the appropriate language, but cannot easily speak the words because they are unable to use the muscles needed to form the words and produce the sounds. Speech is often slow, slurred, and garbled. Some may have problems with intonation or inflection, called prosodic dysfunction.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, memory loss, and deteriorating cognitive abilities. Research suggests an association between head injury in early adulthood and the development of AD later in life; the more severe the head injury, the greater the risk of developing AD. Some evidence indicates that a head injury may interact with other factors to trigger the disease and may hasten the onset of the disease in individuals already at risk. For example, people who have a particular form of the protein apolipoprotein E (apoE4) and suffer a head injury fall into this increased risk category. (ApoE4 is a naturally occurring protein that helps transport cholesterol through the bloodstream.)

Dementia pugilistica, also called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, primarily affects career boxers. The most common symptoms of the condition are dementia and parkinsonism caused by repetitive blows to the head over a long period of time. Symptoms begin anywhere between 6 and 40 years after the start of a boxing career, with an average onset of about 16 years.

Post-traumatic dementia is another potential long-term effect of TBI. The symptoms of post-traumatic dementia are very similar to those of dementia pugilistica, except that post-traumatic dementia is also characterized by long-term memory problems and is caused by a single, severe TBI that results in a coma.

Sensory deficits

Many TBI patients have sensory problems, especially problems with vision. Patients may not be able to register what they are seeing or may be slow to recognize objects. Also, TBI patients often have difficulty with hand-eye coordination. Because of this, TBI patients may seem clumsy or unsteady. Other sensory deficits may include problems with hearing, smell, taste, or touch. Some TBI patients develop tinnitus, a ringing or roaring in the ears. A person with damage to the part of the brain that processes taste or smell may develop a persistent bitter taste in the mouth or perceive a persistent noxious smell. Damage to the part of the brain that controls the sense of touch may cause a TBI patient to develop persistent skin tingling, itching, or pain. These conditions are rare and hard to treat.

Emotional problems

TBI patients have been described as the "walking wounded" owing to psychological problems. Most TBI patients have emotional or behavioral problems that fit under the broad category of psychiatric health. Family members of TBI patients often find that personality changes and behavioral problems are the most difficult disabilities to handle. Psychiatric problems that may surface include depression, apathy, anxiety, irritability, anger, paranoia, confusion, frustration, agitation, insomnia or other sleep problems, and mood swings. Problem behaviors may include aggression and violence, impulsivity, disinhibition, acting out, noncompliance, social inappropriateness, emotional outbursts, childish behavior, impaired self-control, impaired self-awareness, inability to take responsibility or accept criticism, egocentrism, inappropriate sexual activity, and alcohol or drug abuse or addiction. Some patients' personality problems may be so severe that they are diagnosed with organic personality disorder, a psychiatric condition characterized by many of the problems mentioned above. Sometimes TBI patients suffer from developmental stagnation, meaning that they fail to mature emotionally, socially, or psychologically after the trauma. This is a serious problem for children and young adults who suffer from a TBI. Attitudes and behaviors that are appropriate for a child or teenager become inappropriate in adulthood. Many TBI patients who show psychiatric or behavioral problems can be helped with medication and psychotherapy, although the effectiveness of psychotherapy may be limited by the residual neurocognitive impairment. Technological improvements and excellent emergency care have diminished the incidence of devastating TBI while increasing the numbers of patients with mild or moderate TBI. Such patients are more adversely affected by their emotional problems than by their residual physical disabilities.

Physical problems

Parkinson's disease and other motor problems as a result of TBI are rare but can occur. Parkinson's disease may develop years after TBI as a result of damage to the basal ganglia. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease include tremor or trembling, rigidity or stiffness, slow movement (bradykinesia), inability to move (akinesia), shuffling walk, and stooped posture. Despite many scientific advances in recent years, Parkinson's disease remains a chronic and progressive disorder, meaning that it is incurable and will progress in severity until the end of life. Other movement disorders that may develop after TBI include tremor, ataxia (uncoordinated muscle movements), and myoclonus (shock-like contractions of muscles).

About 25% of patients with brain contusions or hematomas and about 50% of patients with penetrating head injuries will develop immediate seizures, seizures that occur within the first 24 hours of the injury. These immediate seizures increase the risk of early seizures - defined as seizures occurring within 1 week after injury - but do not seem to be linked to the development of post-traumatic epilepsy (recurrent seizures occurring more than 1 week after the initial trauma). Generally, medical professionals use anticonvulsant medications to treat seizures in TBI patients only if the seizures persist.

Bicycle Injuries

To follow up yesterday's post,  Reuters published an artice revealing the number injuries sustained by kids falling off bikes.  I commented yesterday on how in days of (my) youth, helmets were never worn and how the times have changed to make helmets fashionable apparel.  Read the full story here.

Aids treatment stops brain damage

Cocktails of drugs widely used to treat infection with the AIDS virus appear to stop brain damage caused by HIV as well, researchers reported on Monday.

Writing in the journal Neurology, the researchers said their study also pointed to a way to measure this progressive brain damage when it does occur.

Football: The Great American Danger?

We have all noticed the attention of late on sports and war related brain injury. I came across another article in People magazine ( October 8,2007) about the increasing number of concussions in high school football.


…while other serious injuries have declined in the past 10 years, the percentage of injuries that are concussions has nearly doubled, according to a July study by the Center for Injury Research and Policy in Columbus, which notes the numbers might be higher. “It’s a very underreported injury, so we’re pretty sure this is just the tip of the iceberg,” says Dawn Comstock, the study’s lead researcher and an assistant professor at Ohio State University School of Medicine. “Kids, coaches, parents, all of us have to take this injury much more seriously.”


Of course, no one is advocating a ban on the great American sport (which has more injuries than any other high school sport), the attention is creating increased safety. Several hundred high schools now use neurocognitive tests to help determine whether a player has healed.  High schools already have injury guidelines stressing that players shouldn’t be sent back into a game after a concussion – and definitely not until they’re examined by a physician.

 
Safety advocates received support when the NFL adopted stricter guidelines for when a player can return to play after a head injury. The NFL recently came under attack when three retired players who died were found to have suffered severe brain damage in their 40’s and 50’s. “As the NFL goes, so goes everyone else,” said Dr. Robert Cantu, co-director of the Neurological Sports Injury Center at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. “If the NFL says this is wrong, then colleges and high schools will say the same.”

Bankruptcy after TBI or SCI

A report today revealed that the risk of Bankruptcy increases 33% after brain or spinal injury.  Interestingly, the severity of the injury is not a predicator since more severe injuries involve a safety net of income in the form of disability or other provisions.  The less severe injuries that do not have such safety net are more likely to fall to bankruptcy protection.  This supports an article I wrote which was published in Commuique, a Nevada Legal legal publication.

In the article I explain the specific difficulties confronting lawyers when their clients file bankruptcy.  The loss of income and earning capacity that results in these cases can be staggering.  But the issues surrounding the client's rights being passed on to a trustee who manages the assets is disquieting.  It makes the process very difficult indeed.

To read the article I wrote entitled Bankruptcy and Traumatic Brain Injury, Click Here.

To read the report on Bankruptcy for TBI and SCI sufferers, Click Here.

NIH funds Point of Care Technology

The National Institute of Health is funding a grant to assess brain damage at the point of care to avoid delays and set up protocol to decrease the extent of damage.

A leading cause of disability in the United States is a neurological event such as stroke, head injury or drug abuse. Regardless of the cause, the brain is often quickly and irreversibly damaged. UC researchers, funded by a $9 million grant from the National Institutes of Health, will study point-of-care technologies to assist the diagnosis and treatment of patients with neurologic emergencies. The result is the "Point-of-Care Center for Emerging Neuro Technologies." This five-year award is renewable for five years.

See the full article by clicking here.

Striking Facts

Striking Facts

Estimated amount of glucose used by an adult human brain each day, expressed in M&Ms: 250 (Harper’s Index, October, 1989)

  • If you flattened out all of the folds on the surface of the brain, it would cover an area about the size of a pillowcase (2500 square centimeters).
  • Average number of neurons in the brain = 100 billion
  • Average number of glial cells (supporting cells) in the brain = 10-50 times the number of neurons
  • The brain weighs about 3 pounds (about 2% of body weight in a 150-pound person)
  • 15-20% of all blood pumped out of the heart goes directly to the brain, despite the fact that the brain accounts for only about 2% of body weight
  • The brain is composed of approximately 75% water

Naked From Brain Injury

A bizarre example of the consequences of brain injury was seen when a Hamilton, Ohio, prosecutor was fired for walking around naked in public office buildings. Scott Blauvelt was ordered to appear in court on two counts of public indecency in 2006.  Blauvelt's actions may have resulted from mental illness, medication or the effects of a brain injury suffered in a car wreck last year. 

Broccoli & the Blood-Brain Barrier

A substance found in broccoli and other vegetables could help protect your brain after a head injury.

That is according to a new study from the University of Texas Medical School where tests on lab rats found the substance helped maintain the blood-brain barrier.

The barrier is made up of a bunch of cells that basically stand guard at the brain only allowing select chemicals in.

Experts say the barrier can be greatly compromised after head trauma.

Watch video clip by clicking here.






High School Football Injury

The San Marcos school's principal Brad Lichtman and head football coach Chris Hauser announced Wednesday that after reviewing tapes of the game against West Hills, there is no obvious traumatic incident.


"It did not appear in our first review of that tape that I as a layperson would say that caused that injury," Lichtman said.

Scott Eveland went over to the sideline and was stumbling around early in the second quarter, and administrators said there wasn't very much tape to look at. But they said they did not see Eveland make helmet-to-helmet contact with anyone.

School officials said Eveland was not knocked down and wasn't at the bottom of a pileup.

Meanwhile, a recently released letter shows how much gratitude Eveland had for his parents. The honors student typed it shortly before he slipped into the coma.

"You did a very good job raising me and I hope to achieve what you two have so far," Eveland wrote in the letter.

Lichtman read a statement from Eveland's parents that said, "We continue to be thankful for all the gracious love and support from the community, including well-wishers from all local high schools, and cards from friends and classmates."

Hauser said the team is staying focused, but none of them have ever gone through this before.

"Three Escondido football players came by yesterday's practice and brought over a poster with all of them signed," Hauser said. "Valley center signed a poster and brought it here from their boys. At the hospital today, San Pasqual dropped off a card with all of their teams' signatures on it."

Eveland remains in an induced coma in critical condition at Palomar Medical Center

Watch video by clicking here.

USU Studying TBI & PTSD

The ongoing efforts in the news to prevent and treat veterans brain injuries continue. 

Researchers from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) are pursuing efforts to find new ways to prevent and treat the increasing numbers of combat troops who are suffering from injuries due to traumatic brain injury (TBI). University research teams are also leading efforts to better diagnose and manage post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Of the more than 20,000 service members who have sustained injury in the war in Iraq, TBI from improvised explosive devices (IED) is the most common injury. In addition to efforts to better treat those with such injuries, the university is increasing the focus on diagnosing and treating PTSD. Currently, there is no single test to diagnose either TBI or PTSD. However, researchers at USU are studying the physical and behavioral consequences of moderate and severe TBI to characterize each injury and examine methods of identification and management. The TBI research focuses on injury caused by blasts of air following an explosion and attempts to promote recovery by using anti inflammatory medication and sensory stimulation to regenerate brain cells and growth of brain tissue.

To read the full article click here.

2007 North American Brain Injury Society Conference

This year's Medical and Legal Brain Injury Conference in San Antonio is shaping up and under full swing.  I will be among the speakers making presentations.

OVERVIEW
This Conference offers detailed, practical information on every aspect of litigating a case involving brain injury. Over 60 of the leading attorneys and medical experts from North America will provide the tools you need to successfully handle these challenging cases. From case selection to trial techniques, this Conference is a must attend event for professionals involved in brain injury litigation.

Building on the success of last year's pre and post-conference workshops, the program chairs have included several "hands on" panel format discussions that will address the practical issues presented by brain injury cases.

As an added bonus, attendees to this Conference may also attend the concurrent sessions of the NABIS 5th Annual Medical Conference on Brain Injury. To see that program, click here.

Epilepsy and Brain Injury

Researchers Try to Predict Epilepsy

WASHINGTON (AP) -- Survivors of traumatic brain injuries - from car-crash victims to soldiers wounded in Iraq - face an extra hurdle as they recover: Thousands of them will develop epilepsy months or years later. The risk is especially high for certain kinds of war injuries. Studies of Vietnam veterans suggest up to 50 percent, says Dr. Nancy Temkin of the University of Washington.


Major new research is beginning into ways to predict exactly who is most at risk and how to protect their vulnerable brains.


Among the efforts: pilot studies to see if the newer seizure-treating drugs Topamax or Keppra might actually prevent epilepsy if they're taken immediately after a serious brain injury.
"It is among the most frustrating things in medicine to know that someone's at risk ... and be unable to do anything about it," says Dr. Marc Dichter of the University of Pennsylvania, who is leading the Topamax study and pushing for better recognition of such patients.


Adding to their struggle: Epilepsy may not begin with the classic jerking seizures, but instead with memory loss, attention problems or other more subtle symptoms that doctors can mistakenly attribute to the original brain injury, post-traumatic stress or some other factor.

 
Almost 3 million Americans have epilepsy, a condition in which the brain essentially suffers periodic electrical storms. When its circuits misfire fast enough, a seizure results.
Epilepsy has multiple causes. Some people are born with it.


But about 5 percent of the nation's epilepsy was caused by traumatic brain injury, or TBI. What's the risk? Roughly 25 percent of survivors of moderate to severe brain injury will develop epilepsy. Even more, perhaps, for certain types of war injuries.


Injuries that cause bleeding inside the brain are the riskiest.


The population at risk is huge: Some 1.4 million children and adults suffer serious brain injuries every year from car or bike crashes, falls, gunshot wounds and other trauma.


After the initial injury, inflammation and treatment comes a "silent period" during which survivors work to recover. It can last months or even years before epilepsy appears.

 
"This silent period is not really silent," Dr. Shlomo Shinnar of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine told a meeting of epilepsy specialists at the National Institutes of Health last week.
Instead, as the damaged brain tries to rewire itself - a crucial process called plasticity - misfiring circuitry can form. Injured neurons can make new connections in wrong places, or overly excitable connections. Even the brain's genes change the way they work after head injury.


"You need the plasticity for recovery. You don't want to stop it. You just want to structure it in a way that it aids recovery without causing seizures," Temkin explains.

 
It's not clear yet how to do that, so scientists instead are testing what's available - seizure-controlling drugs - as possible epilepsy preventers. Three old medications have failed. New pilot studies funded by the NIH and Defense Department are checking Topamax and Keppra, which work differently from older competitors.

 
"It's a bit of a shot in the dark," acknowledges Dr. Pavel Klein, who is running the Keppra study at Washington Hospital Center and Children's National Medical Center in the nation's capitol.
But there are some hints that these newer drugs might work, perhaps by inhibiting cell-harming chemicals wrought by post-injury inflammation, he says.

 
Each study is enrolling about 90 patients, a first step to ensure the drugs won't harm overall recovery before larger trials begin. Participants get the drug within hours of arriving at the emergency room, and take it for one to three months. Klein has treated 60 patients so far with no serious side effects; Dichter's study at Penn begins enrolling soon.


Until some protection is found, Dichter wants a bigger effort at warning about the epilepsy risk so that patients can recognize subtle symptoms. At his urging, the American Epilepsy Society is creating a task force to target brain-injured soldiers, work that Dichter says may eventually translate to the far bigger population of injured civilians.


Consider Denise Pease, an assistant comptroller for New York City. Months after what was initially deemed a minor head injury in a 1995 taxi crash, she began experiencing lost periods of time, increasing confusion and cognitive problems.


"This woman who dealt with the titans of industry ... was unable to make change at the corner store," Pease told the NIH meeting.


Only when a nephew witnessed a muscle-jerking seizure well over a year later did she get the right diagnosis and begin her recovery. Today, after years of trying different medications, she has good epilepsy control, and warns that "my experience ... is not unique."
---



South Carolina Web Site

The Brain Injury Alliance of South Carolina this week began a new campaign to raise awareness of the issue, which has left 108,000 of the state’s citizens facing rehabilitation or disability.

More than 3,000 new cases of brain injury occur in South Carolina each year.

While the public associates brain injury with war, motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause in South Carolina; falls and violence follow. Males are twice as likely to sustain brain damage.

Living with brain damage is complicated, said Joyce Davis, the alliance’s executive director. The state’s Medicaid program does not cover rehabilitation, and one-third of people afflicted do not have coverage for rehabilitation.

In addition, rehab needs differ from person to person. Some recover quickly, while others need a lifetime of daily care, which is costly.

The public often does not understand the severity of brain injury — the leading cause of death and disability for people 44 and younger in South Carolina.

Alliance members hope that 110 billboards around the state will help raise awareness.

The group also has created a Web site, www.lifewithbraininjury.com, which spells out the issues and lists resources for patients and their families.

Wear a Helmet!

Motorcyle deaths have doubled during the last 10 years and states are grappling with safety helmet laws.

As motorcycle riding has become more popular, motorcycle deaths have more than doubled since 1997. In 2006, motorcycle deaths increased for the ninth straight year, to 4,810 motorcycle deaths, compared with 4,576 in 2005.

The National Transportation Safety Board unanimously approved Motorcycle safety recommendations which historically pit motorcycle rights activists against consumer safety organizations.  The issue, say those involved, is more education.

Currently  8 states have no helmet laws on the books.  Part of the NTSB recommendations was to provide data on motorcycle deaths and injuries.  Hopefully states will enforce the recommendations for using helmets and the public will be more knowledgeable about the risks of not using them.

To read the full article click here.

Soldiers Finally Getting Fighting Chance!

I am pleased to learn that the military has set up a process of detecting and treating soldiers with brain injury.  The Associated Press published an article today about testing military personnel before they are sent into service.  This mini-neuropsychological test is designed to measure memory and attention, among other cognitive domains, before an injury occurs. 

Before they leave for Iraq, thousands of troops with the 101st Airborne Division line up at laptop computers to take a test: basic math, matching numbers and symbols, and identifying patterns. They press a button quickly to measure response time.

It's all part of a fledgling Army program that records how soldiers' brains work when healthy, giving doctors baseline data to help diagnose and treat the soldiers if they suffer a traumatic brain injury — the signature injury of the Iraq war.

There are an extimated 30% of patients at Walter Reed Hospital receiving care for brain injury.  Of those suffering from what is misleadingly referred to as "mild traumatic brain injury," an estimated 20% go on to suffer permanent lingering problems.  According to research. Walter Reed found that irritability and memory, two classic symtoms of brain injury, are reported more on return home then in the battlefield.

Soldiers sometimes walk away from explosions with no obvious injuries. But the concussion from the blast can have a lingering effect that is not always immediately apparent.

"They look physically normal, but their neurocognitive performance is off," said Col. Mary Lopez, a physician specializing in occupational therapy.

Most brain injuries are mild, and soldiers can recover with rest and time away from the battlefield. But the military estimates that one-fifth of the troops with these mild injuries will have prolonged or lifelong symptoms requiring continuing care.

So little is known about traumatic brain injuries that these baseline readings could become an important cornerstone for future study.

To read the full article click here.

Aids and the Brain

Aids Virus is a "Double Hit" to the Brain

A new study from USD and Burnham Institute for Medical Research concludes the AIDS virus is found to damage brain cells in two ways, killing those that exist and preventing repair of those that are dying. 

AIDS  damages the brain in two ways, by not only killing brain cells but by preventing the birth of new cells, U.S. researchers reported on Wednesday. The study, published in the journal Cell Stem Cell, helps shed light on a condition known as HIV-associated dementia, which can cause confusion, sleep disturbances and memory loss in people infected with the virus.

This interesting finding could substantially help us not only in the treatment of AIDS but in the research helping us understand how brain cells or curcuits regenerate.  Which in turn could help in the prevention, rehabilitation and udnerstanding of brain injury.


The virus kills brain cells but it also appears to stop progenitor cells, known as stem cells, from dividing, the team at Burnham Institute for Medical Research and the University of California at San Diego found. "It's a double hit to the brain," researcher Marcus Kaul said in a statement. "The HIV protein both causes brain injury and prevents its repair."

Money and the Brain

Money Magazine (September 2007)[i] recently covered the topic of how the brain controls investment decisions.   A new term, Neuroeconomics, was introduced as the “hybrid of neuroscience, economics and psychology.” Neuroeconomics is making remarkable discoveries about how the brain evaluates rewards, sizes up risks, and calculates probabilities.

Our brains are wired to improve the odds of survival. We crave what looks rewarding and avoid what looks risky.   Similar to Malcolm Gladwell’s, Blink: the Power of Thinking without Thinking, emotions like hope, surprise, regret, fear and greed – as a matter of biology – affect our decision making.

Neuroscientist, Brian Knutson, at Stanford University, concluded that the brain fires neurons more when it anticipates reward then when it gets it. Dr. Knutson’s mentor, Jaak Panskepp of Bowling Green State University in Ohio, calls that function “the seeking system.”

Paul Slovic, a psychologist at the University of Oregon, says our anticipation wiring acts as a “beacon of incentive” that helps us pursue rewards that require patience and commitment. Hence we work hard for imagined wealth in the future and forego smaller gains in our present.

To test whether memory improves when anticipating financial rewards researchers used fMRI to view brain activity. It was revealed that looking at potentially rewarding pictures set off more intense activity in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is the part of the brain that houses long term memory. Emrah Duzel, neurologist, says “The anticipation of reward is more important for memory formation then is the receipt of reward.”

The amygdala is the reflexive part of the brain that acts like an alarm system. Neuroscientist, Gregory Berns, led a study of brain activity when following what others did versus going it alone. When people went against the consensus they showed heightened activity. Berns called it “the emotional load associated with standing up for one’s belief.” The same areas of the brain that trigger physical pain are activated by social isolation. In other words, you go along with others because it hurts not to.

Neurologists, Antonio Damasio and Antoine Bechara, conclude from research tests on persons with damaged amygdalas that decisions are driven by fear even though they do register in the thinking part of the brain and the mind has no idea of being afraid. Just like Gladwell’s Blink: the Power of Thinking without Thinking reveals, Damasio finds that without fear the human brain keeps trying to beat the odds regardless of logic. “The process of deciding advantageously is not just logical but also emotional.”



[i] He Money article by Jason Zweig is excerpted from Your Money and your Brain, copyright 2007. Published by Simon & Schuster and reprinted with permission.

Sports and Brain Injury

Injury on the fieldThe New York Times published a great article about the dangers associated with not recognizing the signs and warnings associated with Football injury.  Too often sporting goals prompt those who could make a difference dealing with injuries to fail players and themselves.  The issues of multiple impacts and multiple concussions seen in many contact sports like football and boxing are getting more and more attention.


The National Football League has recently faced questions about its handling of concussions after four former players were found to have significant brain damage as early as their mid-30s. But teenagers are more susceptible to immediate harm from such injuries because, studies show, their brain tissue is less developed than adults’ and more easily damaged. High school players also typically receive less capable medical care, or none at all.


At least 50 high school or younger football players in more than 20 states since 1997 have been killed or have sustained serious head injuries on the field, according to research by The New York Times.

Read the full article click here

The Cost of Not Retaining Nevada Counsel

It's hard to explain and it seems cold. When a client from another state wants to know why they have to pay an out of state cost bond; or why they need to fund certain expenses regarding their own medical care or case costs; I explain that the cost of the case comes from funds, typically mine, that do not earn interest and are not guaranteed to be returned. Therefore, out of state clients need to show their commitment to the case by making an upfront financial contribution to the case.

Injuries that occur in Nevada need to be pursued from Nevada. Many times tourists who are injured in Nevada consult with lawyers from the state they live in. Too many times lawyers do not refer them to or consult with Nevada counsel. They "settle" as much of the case as they can and then pass off the client or send them to Nevada counsel demanding a referral fee. This puts me in an awkward position.

Whatever money was settled is no longer available to reimburse costs and expenses (not fees). The settling lawyer does not explain this to their client. Unknowingly, the client expects a different lawyer (in Nevada) – who has not been paid from any settlement – to put up the costs of pursuing the case. The settling lawyer never offers to assist the client by sharing those advanced costs with the Nevada lawyer.

The cost of proving the TBI case is high; especially the mild or moderate TBI case. While clients with TBI already have inherent cognitive limitations, explaining the reality of funding their case is difficult. Costs of filing suit, retaining experts, taking numerous depositions can rise very quickly since the burden of proof is on the injured party. Typically, in TBI cases I handle, those costs will reach $30,000 within the first 6 months. By the time trial approaches costs easily near $100,000. Taking the matter through trial increases the amount another $50,000.

I recently found myself explaining to an out of state client that the liability aspect of a case against one defendant was tenuous. That the local state lawyer took the "easy money" settling a portion of the case against an “easy” defendant and left the client without options for collecting on the "bigger picture" and the remaining defendant. Filing a lawsuit was absolutely necessary.

The local state lawyer should have explained that they were not able to pursue the case against any defendant in Nevada (because filing a lawsuit requires a Nevada license) and that in order to fund the litigation, part of the settlement portion of the case could be used. Instead the local state lawyer pockets the fee and abandons the client to pursue the matter with another lawyer in Nevada. The client comes to me having paid the out of state local lawyer who never intends to fund the case at all. He never intended to protect the clients interest by filing a lawsuit and could not have even if he wanted to.

I explained that insurance coverage was questionable since liability against the remaining defendant was tenuous. Without it, the case could be worth millions based on the injury but the value, based on liability and coverage, could be nothing. Again, the local lawyer left that information out of the legal advice to the client.

Not all situations are like this. Many times I am consulted by out of state counsel who really is concerned about their client. They desire to bring in Nevada counsel immediately. I wish all situations were like this but unfortunately they are not. This is when I find myself having to explain the hidden cost of a TBI case.

If you are out of state and get hurt in Nevada, be sure to ask your lawyer whether they can file a lawsuit in Nevada or pursue the case without the assistance of Nevada counsel. If not, you may want to consider contacting Nevada counsel first so that the cost of the lawsuit can be borne by the lawyer who you retain to represent you in Nevada.

2007 Pacific Northwest Brain Injury Conference in Oregon

I will be speaking at the 2007 Pacific Northwest Brain Injury Conference in Portland, Oregon on October 5 & 6.  I will be joined Dr. Muriel Lezak and other excellent contributors to the knowledge and education of brain injury issues and care.

Details of the conference can be seen at Brain Injury Association of Oregon and the Brain Injury Association of Washington.

There is still time to register

Sherry Stock of the Oregon Brain Injury Association asked me to remind everyone that the 5th Annual Pacific Northwest Brain Injury Conference is fast approaching.  I am supporting the conference and am making several presentations on topics  relating to brain injury lawyering.  I hope to see as many of you there as possible.  I am also looking forward to visiting with Dr. Muriel Lezak who is also presenting. 

Sherry says:

If you have not registered for the 5th Annual Pacific Northwest Conference, there is still time. The 5th Annual Pacific Northwest Brain Injury Conference Living with Brain Injury: Building Bridges to be held October 5–6, 2007 in Portland Oregon at the Holiday Inn Portland Airport. This conference will provide the latest research, techniques and education to professionals across numerous fields and disciplines working with people with brain injury.


The 5th Annual Pacific Northwest Brain Injury Conference focuses on Services to Returning Military, Caregiver Training and Education. Conference presenters will examine issues surrounding veterans returning from the war, caregiving training and education, advances in pediatric therapy, suicide after TBI, depression and coping skills, and legal issues for attorneys by Oregon attorney David Kracke and Nevada attorney Tim Titolo, the new pediatric roadmap for brain injury, Neurological Assessments and how to use them, Meth and TBI, and looking at depression, suicide, sleep disturbances, behavioral problems, coping, life care planning and much more. Friday’s Keynote Speaker, Dr. Harriet Zeiner, Neuro-psychologist, is from the Palo Alto VA Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA. Saturday’s Keynote Speaker, Marie Theresa Gass, is the author of The Caregiver's Tale: The True Story of A Woman, Her Husband Who Fell Off the Roof, and Traumatic Brain Injury.

 
Friday night will end with a reception with music provided by Thom Dudley hosted by Day-Timer. This will also present a time for networking or just catching up with professionals from over 14 states. Exhibitors will present information on housing, accessibility and mobility, rehab services and resources available in the brain injury field.
We hope you will join us for this very special conference and enjoy an invigorating educational experience in beautiful Portland Oregon.


For more information, please call or email Sherry, sherry@biaoregon.org or 503-413-7707.

The Epidemic of Brain Injury care is far reaching

The Epidemic of Brain Injury care is far reaching. A recent study shows that brain injury survivors are not cared for. In terms of representing these people’s legal interests, convincing insurance companies and defense lawyers of this reality is imposing. Additionally, the future for these people, as found in the study, makes them victims again.

The report for the State of Virginia reveals what is true in many, if not all states:  veterans returning from the war will face difficult hurdles receiving care for brain injuries.  To read more about the situation click here.


Here are a few of the findings of the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission study:


The numbers: Up to 6,650 people with brain injuries are in nursing homes, and about 600 others are in state hospitals or in long-term care facilities, including psychiatric units.

Available care: Outside of institutionalization, only about 20 beds exist in Virginia to provide the intensive and costly treatment needed for tens of thousands of brain-injury survivors with complex neurobehavioral problems that can result in violent outbursts and other unmanageable behavior. "There is virtually no system of care in the community for people with behavioral problems who do not have the financial resources to pay for private care."

Tragic consequences: Brain-injured people often become homeless after their caregivers die; many end up in jails or seek divorce to qualify for care.

Do liberal brains function better then conservative brains?

Do liberal brains function better then conservative brains? That is the conclusion of psychologist David Amodio, a professor at New York University, who found that a specific region of the brain is more sensitive in people who consider themselves liberals then in self-declared conservatives.

 
“Say you drive home from work the same way every day, but one day there’s a detour and you need to override your autopilot. Most people function just fine. But there’s a little variability in how sensitive people are to the cue that they need to change their current course.”


That “cue,” as reported in the Chicago Tribune, is processed in the “anterior cingulated cortex.” Dr. Amodio used electroencephalographs and forced choice tests to show that liberals were 4.9 times more likely to show activity in the brain circuits that deal with conflicts and 2.2 times more likely to score in the top half for accuracy. He tested college students who reported their political affiliation as liberal or conservative and showed them a series of letters on a computer. They were instructed to signal every time they saw an M but not a W. There were four times as many M’s as W’s which appeared alternatively on a computer screen.


Liberals were found to be more flexible in the ability to accept changes to routines then conservatives. The results reveal that liberals could be expected to accept new ideas more readily than their counterparts. This will likely be met with staunch arguments from the right who have little use for changing their minds or accepting new ideas.

Traumatic brain injuries are becoming a huge concern for the military

Traumatic brain injuries are becoming a huge concern for the military. The Associated Press article reprinted in the Las Vegas Review Journal today reports that as more troops return home from the war, brain injuries are a growing burden: on the military, programs to treat them, and taxpayers to fund the treatment. A study at Walter Reed finds that of the symptoms commonly reported in mild TBI cases, the instances of memory problems and irritability double from the time of the injury to the time the serviceman or woman returns home.


Estimates are that 20% of all mild TBI sufferers will experience problems for the rest of their lives. All those with severe brain injuries will as well.


We know that most “brain injuries” are mild however we are seeing, in a very public way, that the consequences and symptoms are far reaching and many times disabling. The spontaneous recovery or natural recovery time for brain injuries is generally thought to be 12 months with variability.


Servicemen and women, like the general population, those involved in car accidents, falls and other non-war related trauma, are often misdiagnosed with personality disorders. Also similar to the general population, servicemen and women are unable to work because of unrecognized symptoms. People with TBI frequently complain of headaches, dizziness, trouble concentrating, distractibility, trouble sleeping, depression, irritability, and confusion. In addition there can be vision or speech problems.


Such was the case for staff sergeant O’Brien and specialist Bryan Malone. Both were stationed in Baghdad when a bomb exploded near them. Both survived but endured a pressure blast to the brain. Malone was struck in the head by an air conditioning unit which ultimately required multiple surgeries and a titanium mesh to reinforce his skull.


O’Brien was sent back to his unit after removal of shrapnel from his scalp. Later he complained of hip pain. Within 6 weeks he could not walk due to more shrapnel found in his hip. By then he was complaining of headaches and trouble sleeping. Having been through other blasts, O’Brien was suffering from multiple injury syndrome similar to what boxers experience.

The issue is deciding which servicemen and women go back to service and which do not. Soldiers and Marines are proud and want to return to their units. However, as the military is learning, this is often a more complicated decision.


For more information on the web see Centers for Disease Control and National Institutes of Health

GAO to Look at Soldiers' Brain Injuries

ROBERT WELLER Associated Press Writer reports that the General Accounting Office will be looking closely at Brain Injury in US soldiers.   This can be a great stride foward in the effort to properly care for and diagnose TBI in vets.

Suprisingly, the military did not previous use brain scan technology for vets.  Now they will be.  This will assist vets in receiving proper diagnosis and treatment for this often overlooked injury.

Moreover studies at Fort Carson are revealing just how many brain injuries result from demolition and bombs.  It is sad to think how previous vets have been used to "defend our country" and then forgotten when their lives were forever changed in what was previously thought of as mere "shell shock."  It is encouraging that the American military machine is making inroads to really caring for the protectors of our country.

 

 

TBI Statistics

The Tragedy of Brain Injury in the Decade of the Brain

The statistics of brain injury are staggering: 700,000 brain injuries each year in the United States; 100,000 deaths per year; and 70,000 - 90,000 people permanently disabled as a result of brain injury. Most serious automobile accidents involve a brain injury. Many of these injuries are serious, but many also form "mild"  and "moderate" categories. Victims experience significant personality changes, debilitating cognitive deficits and serious physical and social problems, yet they are often seen as "normal" by some in the medical profession. One author called them the "walking wounded." Their plight is often unnoticed and their needs are not served. It is truly "a silent epidemic."

Forgetting How to Read

A sign, symptom and consequence of brain injury can be the loss of ability to read.
Scanning these words takes less than a minute, but it also sparks a complex chain of neurological processes. So what happens when the mind’s circuitry goes haywire? As Kurt Kleiner reports, reading disorders like those of Toronto novelist Howard Engel are helping scientists decode the mystery of the literate brain.
Someone who views words as jumbled, can write but not read, or forgets how to read a foreign language, but not English, is said to suffer from pure alexia or alexia without agraphia.
The condition was first described in 1892 by French neurologist, Joseph Jules Dejeine. His patient could no longer read, name colors or make out musical notes. At death and after autopsy, Dr. Dejeine’s patient was found with a lesion in the left occipital region of the brain – used for vision – and also at the back of the corpus callosum, which connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
In The Man Who Forgot How to Read, Howard Engel, 76, describes his battle with the condition known as pure alexia. Interestingly, though Engel can no longer read fluently, he still manages to write as he did before and understands spoken language.

Better Care for Iraq Vets

Doctors treating blast victims at a field hospital in Iraq have found that ruptured eardrums may help reveal which troops are at risk of hidden brain injury as reported in a letter in Thursday's issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.  The finding is important because many such brain injuries have been missed in the past, especially when more severe or obvious wounds demanded attention.

Diagnosing brain injury, especially mild damage, is based largely on subjective symptoms like irritability and forgetfulness. Imaging tests like CAT scans do not help, and neurological function tests are not very useful without baseline information.

When we stop to consider how many brain injuries were "missed" in veterans of other wars, this new information gives cause and hope for better care and outcome for Iraq vets.